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New York, Cincinnati, CHiCAqo, 

Penzisrr Prothbrs 

printersio the Holy /Vpostolie c)ee. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



Sf!t;:EI78@n{rarigIjfI}a.- 

ShelfC.lM. 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



OP 



THE UNITED STATES 



/^^I^ /'U^iu^ <3i 



/ 




New York, Cincinnati, and Chicago: . ^ 

Printers to the Boly Ajmstolic See. 



Copyright, 1893, by Benziger Brothers. 



PREFACE. 



This little book contains the important events 
in our country's history, related in a clear and 
interesting way. 

The language, while accurate, is so simple that 
it can be understood by any child ; in fact, the 
publishers confidently believe that not a single 
" big word " is to be found from the first to the 
last lesson. 

The story is told in narrative style in prefer- 
ence to the catechetical, as the one readily im- 
presses the facts on the pupil's mind, Avhile the 
other is valueless when questions and answers 
are separated. 

To refresh the children's memory and to test 
their knowledge, Keview Lessons are given at 
the end of certain periods. 

Questions on the matter treated on the page 
are at the foot of each page ; this arrangement, 
it is believed, will 23rove of great convenience, 
as it saves the annoyance of reference to other 
parts of the book. 



4 PREFACE. 

The many illustrations which embellish the 
book are of great excellence and will serve still 
further to interest the pu^Dils. 

A book of this kind — terse and attractive — is 
much needed, and the publishers trust this little 
volume will find a welcome and a place in every 
Catholic school. 



CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER 

I. The Discovery op America, 



XI. 

XII. 

XIII. 

XIV. 



XV 



XVI. 



XVII. 



II. The Discovery of America, continued, 

III. Other Voyages of Columbus, . 

IV. Other Discoveries, continued, 
Review I. — Early Discoveries, 

V. The Settlement of Virginia, . 

VI. New England, 

VII. Maryland, New York, and Delaware, 
VIII. New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Carolina 
AND Georgia, .... 
IX. Intercolonial Wars, 
X. Intercolonial Wars, continued. 
Review II. — The Colonies, 
The War for Independence, . 
Concord and Lexington, . 
Washington in Command. The Battle of 

Bunker Hill, 6 

The Campaign against Canada. The British 
Leave Boston. The Declaration of Inde- 
pendence, 

The Campaign in New York. The Battle 
OF Long Island. The Campaign in New 

Jersey, 

Aid from Foreign 
VANiA Campaign. 

goyne's Campaign, 77 

Aid from France. Benjamin Franklin. The 
Battle of Monmouth. The Massacre of 
Wyoming, . 81 



68 



Lands. The Pennsyl- 
Valley Forge. Bur- 



CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER 

XVIII. The War in the South. John Paul Jones 
Barry, and other Naval Heroes, 
XIX. Arnold's Treason. The Siege of York 
TOWN. The Surrender of Cornwallis, 
Review III. — The War for Independence 
XX. The Constitution of the United States 
Washington the first President. In 
DiAN Troubles. Religious Changes, 
XXI. The Administrations of Washington and 

Adams, continued, .... 
XXII. The Administrations of Jefferson and 
Madison, 

XXIII. The War of 1812, .... 

XXIV. The War of 1812, continued, 
XXV. The Administrations of Monroe and John 

QuiNCY Adams, 

XXVI. The Administrations of Jackson and Van 

BUREN, 

XXVII. The Administrations of Harrison, Tyler, 

AND Polk, 

XXVIII. The Administrations of Taylor, Fillmore 

AND Pierce, 

XXIX. The Administration of Buchanan and the 
Election of Lincoln, 
Review IV. — The Close of the Revolution 
TO the Election of Lincoln, . 

XXX. The Civil War, 

XXXI. The Battles of 1862, . ~^. 
XXXII. The Battles of 1862, continued. McClel 
LAN's Campaign, 

XXXIII. The Events of 1863, .... 

XXXIV. The Battles of 1864, .... 
XXXV. The Events of 1865. Peace, 

Review V. — The Civil War, 
XXXVI. Events since the Civil War, 
XXXVII. The Prosperity of our Country, 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



UNITED STATES. 



CHAPTER I. 

THE DISCOVERY OF AMEEICA. 

1. The New World. — The country we live in was 
discovered in the year 1492, and was called the 
New World, because until then it was not known 
to the people of Euroj^e and other countries. 

2. It was while looking for a short way to 
India that this discovery was made. 

3. A great part of the most valuable goods 
used in Europe in those days, such as silks, 
jewels, spices, and perfumes, was brought from 
India. The voyage, however, was so long and ex- 
pensive that learned men, merchants, and sailors 
had tried for a long while to find a shorter and 
cheaper way. 

1. Why is our country called the New World ? 2. In what 
way was the New World discovered ? 8. Why was a shorter 
and cheaper road to India looked for ? 

7 



PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




Christopher Columbus. 



4. Christopher Columbus. — No one took more 
interest iu this search than ChristojDher Colum- 
bus, a bold sailor who had made many voyages 

to different parts of the 
world as it was then 
known. 

5. Columbus was born 
at Genoa {gen'o-aJi), iu 
Ital}', about the year 
1435. His father was a 
wool-comber, but Colum- 
bus, not Avishing to fol- 
low that trade, went to 
sea at the age of fifteen. 

6. The western passage. 
— Besides being a sailor Columbus was a man who 
studied very hard and thought a great deal about 
what he studied. In those days it was generally 
believed that the earth was flat, but Columbus 
and some others felt sure it was round. If this 
be so, thought Columbus, India can be reached 
by water, sailing directly west from Europe. 

7. Columbus seeks means for his voyage. — A voy- 
age of this kind, however, would require a larger 
sum of money than Columbus could raise, for he 
was a poor man. In the hope of getting this 

4. Who took a great interest in tliis search ? 5. Where was 
Columbus born ? 6. What was the general belief about the 
shape of the earth when Columbus lived ? Of what did Colum- 
bus feel sure ? How did he think India could be reached ? 



THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. 9 

money lie explained his plans to several kings 
and queens, but lie was only laughed at and set 
down as a dreamer. 

8. At last his friend Father Juan Perez {liivan 
pay'retJi), who at one time had been confessor to 
Queen Isabella of Spain, begged that queen to 
furnish the needed ships and money. 

9. Ferdinand and Isabella help Columbus. — Slie 
and her husband, King Ferdinand, had been for 
some time at war with the Moors, and had spent 
much money, but the queen consented to help 
Columbus, and even promised to pawn her jewels, 
if necessary, for that purpose. 

10. She was not obliged to do this, however, 
as she obtained tlie money in another way, and 
Columbus, with his men, having first received 
holy Communion, sailed from Palos {pah'lds), in 
Spain, on Friday, August 3d, 1492. 



CHAPTER II. 

THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA, CONTINUED. 

1. Columbus sails from Palos.- — There were only 
one hundred and twenty men and three vessels 
in the fleet of Columbus. He went on board the 

7. What did Columbus do in tlie liope of getting money for 
liis voyage ? 8. Wlio helped liim ? In what way did Father 
Perez help him ? 9. What did Queen Isabella consent to do ? 
10. When did Columbus sail from Palos ? 



10 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

largest of the ships, the Sauta Maria {salin'tah 
inali-ree' all) ; the others were named the Pinta 
ijpeen' tall) and the Nina {neen'yah). 

2. The voyage of discovery. — When the vessels 
left Palos they sailed to the southwest, and in 
three weeks reached the Canary Islands. There 
they stopped for a time, and after fixing a rudder 
and altering some sails started fairly on the voy- 
age for India. 

3. For daj^s and days they sailed on that dark 
sea, "the crew becoming every hour more fright- 
ened and discouraged. Remember, it was very 
different then from the present time, when thou- 
sands of ships are crossing and recrossiug the 
ocean every day. Then they were alone and 
going where none had gone before. 

4. At last the crew wanted to turn back, but 
Columbus refused to do this, even when they 
tlireatened to throAv him overboard. He quieted 
his men by coaxing and by promises of great re- 
wards, and kept sailing on, on. 

5. Land. — One day green rushes, weeds, a 
branch of thorn with fresh berries on it, and other 
signs of land were seen, and on the night of 
October 11th Columbus himself saw a light in 
the distant darkness. 

1. What were tlie names of the boats in Columbus's fleet ? 
2. Where was the first stop made ? 3. Why was a voyage 
across the ocean at that time different from now ? 4. How did 
Columbus's crew act ? 5. What signs of land were seen ? 



THE DISCOVERY OF AMEKICA. 



11 



6. He said nothing of it to tlie crew, for fear he 
might be mistaken ; but at two o'clock the next 
morning a cannon was fired from the Pinta as a 
signal that land was in sight. 

7. San Salvador. — With daylight came the joy- 
ful cry of " Land ! land !" and a beautiful island 
was seen, green with trees and other plants. 




Columbus Discovering Land. 

8. Columbus made haste to reach the shore, 
and when there his first act was to kneel and kiss 
the ground and thank Almighty God for His good- 
ness. Then a cross was raised, and Columbus 

6. When was land discovered ? 8. Wliat did Columbus do 
on reacliing land ? 



12 



PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



took possession of the couutry iu the name of 
Ferdinand and Isabella. 

9. The newly-fonnd land was one of the Ba- 
hama Islands, and Columbus named it San 
Salvador, which means Holy Saviour, He be- 
lieved it to be part of India, and called the na- 
tives, who came to Avelcome the new-comers, 
Indians, and by this name they have since been 
known. 




The Route op Columbus. 

10. Columbus returns to SpaiUo — Columbus re- 
mained at San Salvador about a fortnight, and 
then sailed southward in search of other lands 
which the natives said were in that direction. 
He discovered Cuba and Hayti, and then, in the 
beginning of the year 1493, returned to Spain. 

9. What name did Columbus give the new land ? Of what 
country did he believe it to be a part ? What did he call the 
natives ? 



OTHER VOYAGES OF COLUMBUS, 13 

CHAPTER III. 

OTHER VOYAGES OF COLUMBUS. 

1. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella received 
Columbus with great lionor, as well they mighty 
for his discovery added greatly to their glory. 

2. The story of the new country he had dis- 
covered and the sight of the fruit, birds, gold, and 
the few Indians Columbus had taken back with 
him to Spain filled them with wonder. The pious 
queen had the first gold from America made 
into a monstrance, so that it might be used for 
the glory of God, and it is still preserved in the 
Cathedral of Seville. 

3. Other voyages of Columbus. — Columbus made 
three other voyages to America and took mis- 
sionaries with him to help in converting the In- 
dians. He established settlements at different 
places ; on his third voyage, in 1498, he dis- 
covered the coast of South America near the 
mouth of the Orinoco River. 

4. Columbus is sent back to Spain in chains. — 
Though Columbus did so much for Spain, he was 

1. How did Ferdinand and Isabella receive Columbus? 
2. How were liis accounts of the new world received ? For 
what was the first gold from America used ? 3. How many 
otlier voyages did Columbus make to America ? Wliom did lie 
take with him 't What coast did he discover ? 



14 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



very badly treated iu return. His success made 
many jealous of liim, and lie was deprived of 




power in Amer- 
ica, and sent back 
to Spain in chains. 

5. His friend, 
Queen Isabella,liow- 
ever, ordered his 
release, but after her 
death he met with 
even worse treatment, and died poor and neg- 
lected at Valladolid, in S^Dain, in 1506. To the 
last he kept the chains with which he had been 



Reception of Columbus by Ferdi- 
nand AND Isabella. 



4. How was Columbus sent back to Spain 



OTHER DISCOVERIES. 15 

bouud liangiug on the wall of his room, and 
asked to have them buried with him. 

6. Even the country he found was not named 
after him, for a German writer of geography who 
read an interesting account of the New World 
written by Americus Yesputius {ah-vieree-kus 
ves-pu' shee-us) supposed him to be the discoverer, 
and called the country America. 

CHAPTER lY. 

OTHER DISCOVERIES, CONTINUED. 

1. The North American continent. — The news of 
the discovery of America made other nations 
eager to secure some of the great riches which 
the New World was said to contain. 

2. For this purpose England in 1497 sent an 
expedition to this country under the command 
of John Cabot {kah'hot) and his son Sebastian, 
Italians then in the service of Henry YIL, King 
of England. They reached our shores some- 
where on the coast of Labrador, and were the 
first to discover the continent of North America. 

3. In the following year Sebastian Cabot set 
sail with a second expedition for this country, and 

5. When and wliere did Columbus die? 6. How did tliis 
€ountry get its name ? 

1. What did other nations of Europe wish to secure? 
2. Whom did England send to this country ? What did they 
discover ? 



IG PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UiflTED STATES. 

again landed near Labrador ; then lie sailed down 
the coast to about what is now called Albemarle- 
Sound, in Virginia. 

4. On account of these discoveries England 
claimed a large part of North America. This 
claim was afterward the cause of a long and 
bloody war with France. 

5. Other discoverers. — England was not alone 
in sending out expeditions for discovery. In 
1498 Vasco da Gama {vas'ko dah gah'mah), a Por- 
tuguese, reached India by sailing round the Cap& 
of Good Hope, in Africa. 

6. Magellan sails round the world. — In 1520 
Magellan {^na-jeVan), another Portuguese, sailed 
through the strait which bears his name and 
crossed the Pacific Ocean to the Philippine 
Islands, where he died. One of his vessels re- 
turned to Spain by the Cape of Good Hope^ 
being the first to sail entirely round the world, 
and thus prove the earth to be a globe. 

7. Spain did not remain idle. In order to con- 
vert the Indians to Christianity, and also for 
the w^ealth to be gained, she sent out a number 
of expeditions. 

3. What part of our shores did Cal>ot reach on a second 
voyage to this country ? 4. What did England claim on 
account of these discoveries? What did this claim cause? 
5. What place did Vasco da Gama reach? 6. Where did 
Magellan go? What was done by one of his vessels? What 
did it prove ? 7. What did Spain do ? 



OTHER DISCOVERIES. 17 

8. Ponce de Leon discovers Florida. — In 1513 
Ponce de Leon (pone'tliay day lay-ohn') discovered 
Florida, but no settlement was made there till 
1565, when St. Augustine, the oldest city in the 
United States, was founded by Peter Melendez 
■{7tiay4en' detli). 

9. In the year 1513, also, Yasco Nunez de Bal- 
boa iyas'ko noon-yetli deh hcd-ho'ali), while on a 
voyage to the Isthmus of Panama, discovered 
the Pacific Ocean. 

10. De Soto on the Mississippi. — About the last 
of May, 1539, Ferdinand de Soto, governor of 
Cuba, landed at Tampa Bay, Florida, with about 
six hundred men. With flying banners and 
trumpets sounding, the Spaniards started on a 
march through the country in search of gold. 

11. The Indians opposed them at every step, 
^nd bloody battles followed in which some tribes 
w^ere almost entirely destroyed. In the march 
of the Spaniards numbers of Indians were seized, 
forced to carry heavy baggage, and treated with 
great cruelty. 

12. For two years De Soto and his followers 
continued on their march, travelling upward of 
fifteen hundred miles through what are now the 
States of Florida, Georgia, Alabama, and Missis- 
sippi. In the spring of 1541 they reached the 

8. Wlio discovered Florida? "Where is St. Augustine? 
Wlien was it founded ? 9. Wliat did Balboa discover ? 
10-12. Tell wliat De Soto did. 



18 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

great Mississipiji Eiver. Here tliej crossed. 
Half tlieir original number was dead by this 
time, and the rest was nearly starved. Still 
tliey kept on, seeking for the gold they were not 
to find. At last, disappointed and completely 
worn out, De Soto was taken sick and died in 
May, 1542, near the mouth of the Red River. 
His body, wrapped in his cloak, was sunk at 
midnight in the Mississippi. 

13. France also wanted a share in the New 
World. In 1510 she sent out John Denys 
{den-ee'), a French captain, who visited the Gulf 
of St. Lawrence, and in 1524 Yerrazzano (ver-rat- 
tzah'no), who explored the Atlantic coast from 
Carolina to New Foundland, and called the coun- 
try New France. 

14. Cartier on the Gulf of St. Lawrence. — James 
Cartier {har-tee-a')y another Frenchman, made 
several voyages to America from 1534 to 1541. 
He gave the name of St. Lawrence to the beau- 
tiful gulf and river which he first saw on the feast 
of that saint. 

15. Spain and France sent many missionaries 
to this country. The best known are the Jesuits, 

13. Wliom did France send out to this country in 1510 ? 
What did he visit ? Who was sent out in 1524 ? What coast 
did he explore ? What did he call the country ? 14. Who 
made several voyages to this country from 1534 to 1541 ? What 
name did he give a certain gulf and river ? Why did he so 
name them ? 



OTHER DISCOVERIES. 



19 



Father Marquette {mar-kef), who explored the 
Mississippi River as far as the Arkansas River, 
and Fathers Jogues (zhog), Lalemaut (lal'mon)^ 
and Brebeuf (brd-huf), wlio were martyred by 
the Indians. 




The "Half Moon'' ascending the Hudson. 

16. Henry Hudson at New York.— In 1609 Henry 
Hudson, an Englisliman in the service of the 
Dutch government, entered the bay of New York, 
and sailed in his ship, the •' Half Moon," up the 

15. What nations sent missionaries to this country ? Name 
some of tlie best known missionaries. 



20 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

river which now bears his name, as far as Albany. 
He called the country Neio Netlierlands, and 
claimed it for Holland. 

17. Thus England, Spain, France, and Holland 
each claimed a j)art of this country. 

18. England claimed North America from 
Labrador to Florida. 

19. Spain claimed the southern part of North 
America from the Atlantic to the Pacific, under 
the name of Florida. 

20. France laid claim to the whole of New 
France with the valleys of the St. Lawrence, 
Mississippi, and Ohio. 

21. Holland claimed the Atlantic coast from 
the Connecticut Eiver to the Delaware. 

Review I. — Early Disco vbiRIEs. 

What have we learned, so far, about our country ? 

We have learned that our country was discovered in 1492 
by Columbus, who was acting for Spain, and that several 
European nations afterward sent out expeditions to the 
New World. 

What followed the news of the discovery of America ? 

The news of the discovery of America made England, 
Spain, and France eager to establish settlements here. 

16. Who was Henry Hudson ? What bay did he enter? 
What name did he give the country ? For what nation did 
lie claim it? 17. What nations claimed parts of our country? 
18. What did England claim? 19. Spain? 20. France? 
21. Holland? 



REVIEW. 21 

Who were the first English explorers in the New 
World ? 

The first English explorers in the New World were the 
Cabots — father and son — who came over in 1497 and were 
the discoverers of the continent of North America. 

Who were the most important Spanish explorers ? 

The most important Spanish explorers were Ponce de 
Leon, who in 1513 discovered the southern coast of what is 
now the United States, and called it Florida ; Balboa, wdio 
in the same year discovered the Pacific Ocean ; and De 
Soto, who reached the Mississippi in 1541. 

What name did the Spaniards give this country ? 

The Spaniards gave the name of Florida to the whole 
southern part of North America from the Atlantic to the 
Pacific Ocean. 

Who were the most important French explorers ? 

The most important French explorers were Verrazzano, 
who in 1524 sailed along the Atlantic coast from Carolina 
to Newfoundland, and called the country New France ; and 
Cartier, who in 1534 explored the region about the St. 
Lawrence Kiver. 

Did any other European nation explore this country ? 

Yes, another European nation explored this country : the 
Dutch in 1609 sent out Henry Hudson with an expedition, 
Hudson entered the river which is named after him, and 
sailed up to Albany. 

What name did Hudson give to the country he explored ? 

Hudson called the Atlantic coast from the Connecticut 
River to the Delaware, New Netherlands. 



22 PRIMAKY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

What was the result of these discoveries and explora- 
tions by different nations ? 

These discoveries and explorations caused different na- 
tions to claim parts of this country. 

CHAPTER V. 



THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. 

1. Raleigh attempts to settle Virginia. — In 1584 

Sir Walter Raleigh [raiv'lee) obtained the right 
from Queen Elizabeth of England to settle in 
America. He, therefore, sent out a number of 
people who occupied land in what is now Vir- 
ginia. The place was so 
called bj Elizabeth, who ^ ' ■ 

was proud of her title 
of "Virgin Queen." 
The settlers did f4' 
not succeed as well 
as was expected, 
and they were glad 
to get back to Eng- 
land. 

2. The Indians 
taught them to use tobacco, and they carried some 
back to England, wliereit was then unknown. It 
is said that a servant of Raleigh's who saw him 

1. Who obtained a right from Queen Elizabeth to settle in 
America? What land did the people "v^ ho were sent out oc- 
cupy ? How did it get its name ? 




THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. 23 

smoking tliouglit him to be ou fire aud poured 
a pitcher of ale over him. 

3. lu 1603 some noblemen and merchants in 
England, who wanted to establish settlements in 
America, formed two companies, one known as 
the London Company, and the other as the Ply- 
mo atli Company. 

4. To these James I., then King of England, 
granted certain rights called patents or charters. 
To the London Company he gave the right to 
South Virginia, which was the country between 
Cape Fear and the Potomac ; to the Plymouth 
Company, North Virginia, which lay between the 
eastern end of Long Island and the northern 
limit of the mainland of Nova Scotia. 

5. Jamestown settled. — The attempt made at a 
settlement by the Plymouth Company was a fail- 
ure. The London Company sent out a party ot 
one hundred and five men. The emigrants left 
England in December, 1606, and six months later 
entered Chesapeake Bay and came to a river 
which they named the James. Sailing up this 
river they settled at Jamestown, named, like the 
river, in honor of the king. 

2. What did the Indians teach the settlers? What is 
Kaleigh's servant said to have done ? 3. What companies 
were formed in England ? 4. To what part of the country did 
the king give the London Company a right ? To what part was 
the Plymouth Company given a right ? 5. Where did the 
party sent out by the London Company settle ? 



24 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

6. The settlers at once began to cut down 
trees and build themselves log-houses. This 
was hard work, for thej were not used to it ; in 
fact, many of them had never worked in their 
lives. Neither were they accustomed to the 
coarse food they were obliged to use. The con- 
sequence was that a number grew sick and died, 
and all became dissatisfied. 

7. Smith takes charge of the colony. — One reason 
of this dissatisfaction was that the president of 
the colony was unfit to manage it. So the set- 
tlers selected one of their number, a man named 
John Smith, who was just suited for the position,, 
and placed him in charge. 

8. Smith began by putting every one to work. 
That was a good w^ay to begin, for busy peo23le 
have very little time to find fault or be dissatis- 
fied. He made friends with the Indians ; they 
furnished him with corn and game, and under 
his wise government things changed for the bet- 
ter. Unfortunately (in 1609) Smith was badly 
injured by an explosion of gunpowder, and re- 
turned to England to have his wounds treated. 
He never went back to Virginia. 

9. Smith and Pocahontas. — In a book of travels 

6. Wliat caused tlie settlers to grow sick and become dis- 
satisfied ? 7. Who was made president of the colony after the 
people became dissatisfied ? 8. What did Smith do ? What 
did he receive from the Indians ? What happened to him 
in 1609 V 



THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGIXIA. 25 

wliicli Smith afterward wrote lie told some won- 
tlerful stories of Lis adventures. Among others 
he related that Powhatan {poiv-hat'tan), a great 
Indian chief, was about to put him to death,, 
when his life was saved by Pocahontas [po-kali- 
Iwn'tas), the chief's daughter. She threw her 
arms about Smith's neck and begged her father 
to spare him. 

10. When Smith left Virginia the people again 
fell into idle ways ; the fields were neglected ; 
famine, sickness, and death followed, and the 
colony was about to be given up, Avhen other 
settlers and supplies came over from England. 

11. Domestic fowl, — such as chickens, ducks, 
and geese, — horses, cows, sheep, hogs, and goats 
were brought over, for they are not native to 
the United States. The potato, too, was intro- 
duced ; for although it came originally from 
South America, our North American Indians 
did not know of it until it was brought here 
from Europe. 

12. Things began to improve now, and some 
young women came over to become wives of the 
planters, families grew up, and Virginia was at 
last firmly established. 

1.3. The first Colonial Assembly.— In 1619 the 
first step towards liberty was made in the New 

9. What story did Smith tell about Pocahontas ? 10. What 
happened after Smitli left Virginia ? 11. Wliat animals were 
brought over from England ? What vegetable was introduced?' 



26 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

World. Up to tliis time the colony liad been 
governed by the Company in London, but now 
an Assembly was called, and certain persons 
were elected to meet and make laAvs for the 
colon}^, just as a State Legislature does now for 
a State. The Assembly met at Jamestown in 
July, 1619, and was the first of its kind ever held 
in America. 

14. An Indian massacre. — The Indian chief who 
succeeded Powhatan hated the English and plot- 
ted to destroy them. A number of Indians 
joined in the plot, and on April 22, 1622, they 
suddenly attacked the colony and massacred 
three hundred and fortj-seven men, women, and 
children. 

15. More would certainly have been killed, 
but a friendly Indian gave the alarm and the 
people found safety in the fort at Jamestown. 
Then they united in a war against the Indians, 
destroyed their villages and crops, and so pun- 
ished them that they gave no trouble for years 
after. 

16. Virginia becomes a royal colony. — King 
James pretended that the colony was badly 
managed, and changed it into a royal j^rovinco 
to be governed in future by the king. Laws, 

13. What was done to make laws for the colony ? When 
and where did the Assembly meet ? 14. What happened to 
the colony on April 32, 1622 ? 15. What did the people of 
the colonv afterward do to the Indians ? 



THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. Z7 

kuowii as the Navigation ^icts, were passed by 
wliicli tlie colonies were not allowed to buy any- 
where except in England, to sell their products 
anywhere except in England, nor to ship their 
goods in any but English vessels. 

17. Bacon's Rebellion. — Of course, these laws 
gave Enghmd the entire control of the trade of 
the colonies. The governor appointed by the 
king cared very little for the people and their 
interests, and even refused to protect them from 
the Indians. This caused great discontent, and 
in 1676 civil war broke out in Virginia. This is 
known as "Bacon's Rebellion," from the name 
of its leader, Nathaniel Bacon. 

18. Jamestown burned. — During the rebellion 
Jamestown w^as burned, and Williamsburg was 
made the capital of Virginia. Shortly after this 
Bacon died, and the war came to an end. 

19. From this time the population of Virginia 
increased and the place grew more and more 
prosperous. 

20. Negro slavery first introduced. — Great atten- 
tion was given to raising tobacco, wdiich was sent 
to England and brought much money to the 
colony. In 1620 a Dutch ship brought over 

16. How did King James change tlie colony ? What laws 
were passed ? 17. What did these laws give England? W^hat 
war did they cause ? What is this war called? 18. What 
place was made the capital of Virginia? How did the war 
end ? 



28 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

about twenty negroes from Africa and sold them 
as slaves to the planters. This was the begin- 
ning of negro slavery in this country. The 
negroes jDroved useful as field hands, and their 
work in attending to the tobacco crop increased 
the wealth of the colony. 

21. Many of the settlers in Virginia were of 
good family and well educated ; and they so 
helped to improve the manners of the other 
colonists that the people grew up intelligent, re- 
fined, and generous. 



CHAPTER VL 

NEW ENGLAND. 

1. New England was so named by Captain John 
8mith, who made a voyage to that part of the 
country in 1614, and drew a map of the coast. 

2. All attem23ts to settle the country north of 
Virginia failed until 1620. At that time a party 
of one hundred and two men, women, and chil- 
dren sailed from Plymouth,-4^i England, in the 
ship "Mayflower " to seek a home in America. 

20. To wliat was great attention given ? How were negroes 
iirst brouglit to this country as slaves? 21. How were tlie 
manners of tlie colonists improved ? 

1. By whom was New England so named? 2. Who came 
over in 1620 to settle the country north of Virginia? From 
what place did they come ? 



NEW ENGLAND. 



29 



3. The Puritans. — These people were known as 
Puritans, or Pilgrims, and had been persecuted 
in England because they differed from the Church 
established there by law. 

4. The landing at Plymouth. — After a long and 
stormy voyage, they reached the New England 
shores, and on December 21st, 1620, landed at 
Plymouth. They agreed upon certain laws which 




The Landing of the Pilgrims. 

all were to obey, elected John Carver, one of 
their party, governor, and began to build rude 
houses. 

5. They had no trouble with the Indians, who 
were friendly with them, but poor food, and 

3. By what name Avere these people known ? 4. When and 
wliere did they land ? Wlio was elected governor ? 



30 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

very little of it, togetlier with the extreme cold, 
to which thej were not used, brought on much 
sickness, and before sirring nearly half their 
number died. Among the others was Governor 
Carver. 




Map of New England. 



fi. None of the Pilgrims returned to England, 
however, but new settlers came out in the spring ; 
corn, barley, and j^eas were planted, and before 
5. How did the Pilgrims succeed V 



KT.W ENGLAND. 31 

the summer was over the colony was doing 
very well. 

7. lu the spring of 1621 Governor Bradford, 
who had succeeded Carver, made a treaty with 
Massasoit {inas-sa-so'it), the most powerful Indian 
chief in that part, Avhich lasted over fifty years. 
There was one unfriendly tribe of Indians, how- 
ever, and their chief, Canonicus {kah-non' ee-kus), 
threatened war, and sent the governor a bundle 
of arrows tied round with a rattlesnake-skin. 
This meant : get ready to fight. But Governor 
Bradford was not easily frightened ; he returned 
the skin stuffed full with powder and balls. The 
Indians understood by this that the settlers 
were ready to fight, if necessary, and concluded 
to let them alone. 

8. Plymouth Colony. — This settlement received 
the name of Plymouth Colony. Its success drew 
so much attention to it in England that other 
immigrants came over, and Salem and Charles- 
town were settled. 

9. Massachusetts Bay Colony. — The new settle- 
ment was called Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 
1630 nearly a thousand more people came over 
from England with horses and cattle, and tools 
of different kinds, and settled in Boston, Water- 

6. What was done in the spring ? 7. \Mio was Massasoit ? 
What did he and Governor Bradford do ? What did Canoni- 
cus do ? What did Bradford do in return ? 8. What name 
•did the Cohmy receive? What other places were settled? 



32 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE U:N"ITEI) STATES. 



town, Dorchester, Lyim, and neighboring places. 
John Winthro23 was made governor, and under 
his wise direction the colony succeeded and grew 
in size and population. Within ten years after 
his arrival twenty thousand people had come to 
the country. 




Early Settlers on their March through the Woods. 

10. As the population of New England in- 
creased the people began to look about for other 
places in which to settle. In 1635 Saybrook, 
near the mouth of the Connecticut River, was 

9. What was the new settlement called? What places, 
were settled in 1630? How did the colony succeed ? 



NEW ENGLAND. 33 

fouuded. The following j'ear Rev. Tliomas 
Hooker set out from Massachusetts Bay with 
about a hundred people, driving their cattle 
before them and carrying their household goods 
through the woods, until they reached Hartford, 
where they settled. 

11. In 1638 New Haven was founded, and in 
the 3'ear 1665 the three colonies of Salem, Hart- 
ford, and New Haven united and took the name 
of Connecticut. 

12. New Hampshire. —Two years after the land- 
ing of the Pilgrims, two Englishmen, Ferdinando 
Oorges {gor'jez) and Captain John Mason, ob- 
tained from the Council of Plymouth the right 
to some laud lying between the Kennebec and 
Merrimac rivers. The place was called Maine, 
or Mainland, to distinguish it from the islands 
along the coast. The following year a small 
party was sent to settle at Little Harbor and at 
Dover, but the colony grew very slowly. 

13. In 1629 Gorges and Mason divided their 
property and separated. As Mason had been 
governor of Portsmouth, in Hampshire, England, 
he called his j^art of the country New Hampshire. 
Afterward, for their own protection, both Maine 
and New Hampshire united with Massachusetts. 

10, 11. Wliat otlier places were settled? 12. For wliat land 
did Gorges and Mason obtain the right ? What was the place 
called? 13. What did Mason call his part of the country 
when he and Gorges separated ? With what colony did Maine 
and New Hampshire afterward unite ? 



34: PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

14. Tlie settlers iu Massachusetts and Cou- 
necticut claimed tliat they left England because 
they could not worship God in the way they 
liked. This being the case, we might expect 
them to allow every one else perfect freedom in 
matters of religion. 

15. But they did nothing of the kind. Tha 
settler who did not believe as the other colonists 
did was persecuted ; he was not allowed to vote, 
and was even driven from the place. 

16. When Roger Williams, a young English 
minister, preached that no man should worship 
against his own consent, he was ordered to leave 
the colony. An attempt was even made to arrest 
him, but he escaped. 

17. Providence settled by Roger Williams. — This 
was in 1636, in the dead of winter, and the weather 
was bitterly cold ; but Williams found shelter 
among the Indians, who were his friends, and 
they kept him till spring. Then they gave him 
some land at the head of Narragansett {nah-rah- 
gan'sett) Bay, and there he founded a colony 
which he named Providence, in gratitude for 
" God's merciful providence to him in his 
distress." 

14. Why did the settlers in Massacliusetts and Conneeticiit 
claim that they left England? 15. How did they treat the 
settlers who differed from them ? 16. How was Roger Wil- 
liams treated ? 17. Where did Williams find shelter ? What 
colony did he found ? Why did he call the place Providence t 



NEW EXGLAXJ). 35 

18. Coddington founds Rhode Island. — Two years 
later William Coddiugton settled at Rhode Islaud 
oil laud bouglit of the Indians. This settlement 
prospered as did Providence, and later on the 
two were nnited, and the colony of Rhode Island 
was thus founded. 

19. The Puritans of Massachusetts showed 
their bigotry still further by persecuting Quakers 
and others who did not agree with them. Bap- 
tists were fined or flogged for not attending 
the Congregational Church, and in 1659 some 
Quakers were even hanged for worshipping God 
in their own fashion. 

20. Some people, too, were accused of being 
witches. In the excitement that followed many 
were flogged, and in 1692 twenty innocent persons 
were hanged on this foolish charge, before the 
colonists learned that they had been deceived. 

21. The United Colonies of New England. — In 
order to protect themselves from their French 
and Dutch neighbors, Plymouth, Massachusetts, 
Connecticut, and New Haven came together in 
1643, and under the name of " The United Col- 
onies of New England " formed a union which 
lasted forty years. 

22. King Philip's War. — "While the colonies were 

18. How was the colony of Rhode Island founded ? 19. How 
did the Puritans of Massachusetts show their bigotry? 
20. What happened in 1693? 21. Under what name did the 
English colonies form a union ? How long did this union last ? 



30 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



thus prospering, Indian troubles broke out in 
December, 1675. Philip, an Indian cliief and 
son of Massasoit, became jealous of the growing 
power of the whites, and persuaded his tribe to 
begin war against the colonists. 

23. In this the Narragansetts joined, and much 

^ ^4 ^ >i bloodshed followed, set- 

'^■^ "' '' tiers A\ere killed while at 

ri^U?! l-- ^ -" ^vork in the fields, while 

-i. traYellin<i;, or when on 



-''^^-fl-'^x-'.':- 







Ax Indian Attack on 'ihk 

i^KTfLERS 




%./ 



their way to church, and 
several settlements were 
burned. Then the col- 
onists raised a force of a 
thousand men, attacked tlie^Indians, and kept 
up the war till Philip was killed and the Narra- 
gansetts were destroyed. 

24. The colonies under James II. — In 1686 James 
II., then King of England, appointed Edmund 



23, 23. Wliat Indian troubles began in 1675 ? 



NEW EN^GLANI). 



37 



Audros goveruor of New England. When 
Charles II. was king he gave Connecticut a writ- 
ten paper, called a charter, which allowed the 
colony to govern itself. 

25. King James thought this was too much lib- 
erty and wanted the colony under his control, so 
he directed the governor to take away the charter. 

26. Andros went before the Connecticut As- 
sembly and, at a meeting which lasted until mid- 
night, demanded the charter. Suddenly the can- 
dles in the room were blown out, and when they 
were relighted the paper had disappeared. 

27. The Charter Oak. — It is said that it was car- 
ried off in the darkness and 

hidden in the hollow of 
an oak-tree. This tree 
became known as 
the Charter Oak, 
and was carefully 
preserved for near- 
ly one hundred 
and seventy 
years after. 

28. The Puri- 
tans of New Eng- 
Avere very severe in their way of living. 
24, Who was appointed governor of New England by James 
II. ? Wliat was the colony allowed to do by the charter froni 
Charles II.? 25. What did King James order the governor to> 
do? 26. What did Andros do? What happened when the 
candles were blown out ? 27. What became of the charter ? 



c^ 




Seizing the Charter. 



land 



j» 



38 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

They kept Sunday very strictly, and punished by 
law all who did not attend their meeting-house. 
They did not keep Christmas and other Church 
festivals, but they established solemn fast-days 
and set apart one day in autumn as a day of 
thanksgiving. 

29. They paid much attention to the education 
of the people, and as early as 1636 voted money 
to establish a school. This school was opened 
at Cambridge and afterward became Harvard Col- 
lege, the oldest college in the United States. 



CHAPTER YII. 

MARYLAND, NEW YORK, AND DELAWARE. 

1. Lord Baltimore. — The Catholics o'f England 
suffered great persecution in early days, and 
were fined heavily if they did not attend the 
religious services of the Church of England. To 
escape this persecution George Calvert, Lord 
Baltimore, obtained from King Charles I. the 
promise of some land in Virginia, north of the 
Potomac, in which he intended to establish a 
colony where he and other Catholics could live 
peacefully. 

28. Wliat can you tell about the Puritans' way of living ? 
29. Where was a scliool opened ? What did it become ? 

1. What did the Catholics of England suffer in early days? 
What did Lord Baltimore do to escape this persecution ? 



MARYLAND, NEW \OKK, AND DELAWARE. 39 



2. Before tlie papers for the land were made 
out Calvert died, but iu 1633 his sou, the secoud 
Lord Baltimore, haviug secured the charter, seut 
out two ships, the "Dove" and the "Ark," under 
the command of his younger brother, Leonard 
Calvert, with over three hundred people to settle 
the territory. The place was named Maryland, 
in honor of Queen Henrietta Maria. 

3. St. Mary's founded. — The settlers entered 
Chesapeake Bay early in the year 1634, and 




came t o 
^^^W'-^mfm anchor 
near St. Clement's Island, 
here they landed, and Father 
Andrew AVhite, a Jesuit, who 
accompanied the part}^ celebrated Mass on the 

2. Wlio was sent out by tlie second Lord Baltimore ? What 
was tlie territory named ? In wliose lionor was it so named ? 



The First ]Mass in 
Maryland. 



40 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE U:N^ITED STATES. 

feast of the Annunciation, March 25th, 1634. 
Afterward the settlers erected a huge cross which 
they had hewed out of a tree. 

4. Calvert ascended Avliat is now the St. 
Mary's River, and six or seven miles above its 
mouth settled St. Mary's, the oldest town in 
Maryland. The colonists made friends with 
the Indians by giving them beads, axes, and 
cloth in exchange for land, and the friend- 
ship thus established between them was never 
broken. 

5. The colony was very successful, but 
William Clayborne, who had a trading-post 
in Maryland which he had established some 
years before, refused to admit Calvert's right 
to the place. He was compelled to submit, how- 
ever, for the time, though he gave trouble after- 
ward. 

6. A free soil for Christianity. — The people of 
Maryland were happy and contented, for they en- 
joyed greater freedom than, any of the other set- 
tlers in the New World. They had the right to 
make their own laws, and as Lord Baltimore had 
made Maryland " a free soil for Christianity ", 
every one could practise his religion as he saw 
fit. The result was the place became a refuge 

3. Where did the settlers laud? After tliey landed what 
was done ? 4. Which is the oldest town in Maryland ? How 
did the colonists treat the Indians? 5. How did the colony 
succeed ? Who caused trouble ? 



MARYLAND, NEW YORK, AND DELAWARE. 41 

not only for Catholics, but for Puritans wlio were 
driven out of Yirginia, and for Quakers expelled 
from Massacliusetts. 

7. But peace Avas not to last forever. Civil 
war broke out in England; the king was driven 
from his throne and beheaded, and a sort of re- 
public was established with Oliver Cromwell as 
the head, or Protector of Parliament as he was 
called. 

8. With authority from the new government, 
Hichard Ingle came to Maryland, drove out 
Governor Calvert, robbed the people, and sent 
Father White in chains to England. Later on 
Lord Baltimore was restored to powder, only to 
lose it again in 1654. Fiually, however, in 1716 
Maryland became the property of the fifth Lord 
Baltimore, and continued to be his until the 
United States were formed. 

9. The Dutch West India Company. — AVhen Henry 
Hudson returned to Holland, after sailing up the 
river which has since borne his name, he took 
back such a good account of the newly-discovered 
country that Dutch vessels began to visit it, to 
obtain otter and beaver skins, and other valuable 
furs, from the Indians. 

10. In 1623 the Dutch West India Company 

6. Wliat did Lord Baltimore make Maryland ? For whom 
did Maryland become a place of refuge ? 7. What happened in 
England some time afterward ? 8. What did Richard Ingle 
do ? 9. Why did the Dutch begin to visit this country ? 



« 



42 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

sent out a number of families from Holland. 
Thej landed on Manhattan Island and bought it 
from the Indians for about twenty-five dollars. 
Here they settled and founded New Amsterdam, 
which was the beginning of what is now the 
great city of New York. The following 3'ear 
Tort Orange, now Albany, was founded. 

11. The Dutch rule in New Netherlands pros- 
pered, and the colony, especially New Amstei-- 
dam, increased in size and in numbers 

12. Delaware settled by the Swedes. — In 1638 
some Swedes began a settlement in Delaware, 
and erected a fort near the spot where Wilming- 
ton now stands. The colony took the name of 
New Sweden, and bid fair to succeed, but the 
Dutch claimed all the country from the Connec- 
ticut River to the Delaware, and thought no 
other nation had a right there. So in 1655 they 
made war on New Sweden, captured it, and made 
it part of New Netherlands. 

13. In 1660 the people of England, Avho had 
grown tired of the Puritans as rulers, made the 
son of Charles I. king. The new monarch 
claimed that New Netherlands belonged to Eng- 
land by right of Cabot's discoveries, and, acting 

10. Where did tlie Dutch families land who came out from 
Holland? How much did they pay for the land? What 
settlements did they found? 12. Where did the Swedes begin a 
settlement in 1638? What name did the colony take ? What 
did the Dutch do in New Sweden ? 



NEW JEKSEY AND PENNSYLVANIA. 43 

ou this, gave the conutry to his brother James, 
Duke of York. 

14. New Netherlands becomes New York. — In 
1664 James sent out a fleet to seize the colony. 
At that time Peter Stuyvesant, a brave, honest, 
and determined man, was the Dutch governor, 
and he refused to surrender to the English. 
But, though brave, Stuyvesant was such a tyrant 
that liis people hated him and refused to help 
him. So he was forced to give up, and New 
Netherlands became an English colony. Its 
name was changed to New York, New Amster- 
dam became the city of New York, and Fort 
Orange was given the name of Albany. 

CHAPTER YIII. 

NEW JEESEY AND PENNSYLVANIA. CAROLINA AND 
GEOEGIA. 

1. New Jersey an English colony. — After the 
capture of New Netherlands hy the English, 
the Duke of York gave the country between the 
Hudson and Delaware rivers to two friends of 
his, Sir John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. 

13. Who became king of England in 1660? What did the 
king claim ? To whom did he give the country ? 14. What 
did James do ? Who was the Dutch governor ? What can 
you say of him? What became of New Netherlands? To 
what was its name changed ? What did New Amsterdam 
become ? 



44 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

The latter had at one time been governor of 
Jersey, in England, and out of compliment to 
him the new colony was called New Jersey. 

2. Pennsylvania settled by Penn. — In 1681 Wil- 
liam Penn, a rich Quaker, was given a grant of 




Penn's Treaty with the Indians. 



the country lying between New Jersey and 
Maryland, in payment of a large sum of money 

1. What part of the country did the Duke of York give to 
Sir John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret ? What was the 
olony called ? 



new colony called ? 



CAKOLINA AND GEORGIA. 45 

wliicli the king of England owed liis father, Ad- 
miral Sir William Penn. 

3. Penn sent over a large number of Quakers, 
who had been persecuted in England on account 
of their religion, to begin a citj, and in 1682 
came over himself. He organized a government, 
made liberal laws for the people, and the follow- 
ing year laid out the city of Philadelphia. 

4. He made friends with the Indians at the 
start, and this friendship was never broken. 
Penn afterward returned to England, but Penn- 
sylvania belonged to him and his heirs down to 
the time of the Pevolution. 

5. The province of Carolina. — The success of the 
Duke of York led Lord Clarendon and some 
other English noblemen in 1663 to obtain a grant 
of the country between Virginia and Florida. 
This was named Carolina in honor of King 
Charles II., his name in Latin being Carolus. 

6. Some peojjle from Virginia had already 
settled in what is now North Carolina, near the 
mouth of the Chowan River. This was known 
as the Albemarle Colony 

2. What part of the country was given to William Penn ? 
Why was it given to him ? 3. Whom did Penn send over 
to make a settlement ? What laws did Penn make ? W^hat 
city did he lay out ? 4. For how long did Pennsylvania belong 
to him ? 5. For what part of the country did Lord Clarendon 
and others obtain a grant? Why was it called Carolina? 6. Who 
settled in North Carolina? By what name was the colony 
known ? 



46 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

7. In 1670 Lord Clarendon's company sent out 
three shiploads of emigrants, known as the Car- 
teret Colony, who settled on the south side of 
the Ashley River, but afterward removed to 
where Charleston now stands. This was the 
first settlement in what is now South Carolina. 

8. The captain of a ship from Madagascar 
presented a bag of seed rice to the Carteret 
colony, and thus laid the foundation of the rice 
crop, which even to-day is a leading product 
of South Carolina. The pine forests of North 
Carolina, from which tar, turpentine, and resin 
are produced, have yielded great wealth to the 
people of that region. 

9. Many were attracted b}^ the fine climate, 
and Carolina rapidly increased in numbers and 
wealth, the new-comers being principally from 
England and the West Indies, with some French 
Protestants. 

10. The colonies were afterward bought from 
the proprietors and made royal provinces, and 
were then divided into North and South Carolina. 

11. The settlement of Georgia. — In 1732 General 
James Oglethorpe, a brave and benevolent man, 

7. Where did the Carteret colony settle? In what place 
was this the first settlement? 8. How was the foundation 
of the rice-crop laid ? What are produced from the pine 
forests of North Carolina ? 9. How did Carolina succeed ? 
Who were the new-comers? 10. What afterward occurred 
in the colonies ? How were they divided ? 



CAROLIXA AND GEORGIA. 47 

obtained a grant for the country between the 
Savannah and Altamaha {cil-ta-mali-hah') rivers 
from King George II., and the following year 
founded a colony there which took the name of 
Georgia in honor of the king. 

12. The place was intended as a refuge for poor 
people in England who were unable to pay their 
debts and according to law were subject to im- 
jDrisonment. There were other settlers besides, 
among them Jews, Lutherans, Moravians, and a 
number of Scotch Highlanders. 

13. Georgia and Florida at war. — In 1739 war 
broke out between England and Spain, and the 
following year General Oglethorpe led an army 
against the Spanish settlements in Florida. He 
captured one fort and attacked another at St. 
Augustine, but it was so bravely defended by the 
Spanish governor that Oglethorpe was forced to 
retire. Two years later the Spaniards, in return, 
invaded Georgia, but Oglethorpe with about one 
fourth the number of their men met and defeated 
them. 

14. Some years later Georgia became a royal 
23rovince, and continued to be governed by the 
king until the Revolution. 

11. For wliat part of the country did Ogletliorpe obtain a 
grant? What colony was founded there? In whose honor 
was it named ? 12. For whom was it intended as a refuge? 
13. Against what settlements did Oglethorpe lead an army? 
What was the result of his attack ? What did the Spaniards 
do in return ? What was the result ? 14. What did Georgia 
become later ? 



48 PKIMAKY HISTORY OF THE U2n"ITED STATES 



CHAPTER IX. 



INTERCOLONIAL WARS. 



1. While the English were establishing settle- 
ments on our coast line from Maine to Georgia, 
the French were exploring the West, where they 
founded numerous missions, settling along the 
gulf and river of St. Lawrence. 

2. duebec founded. — In 1608 Samuel de Cham- 
plain {dell sham-plain'), a 
brave, experienced man 
and a fervent Catholic, 
founded Quebec. In 1642 
a pious association in 
France laid the founda- 
tion of the city of Mont- 
real. Recollect and Jesuit 
missionaries labored to 
convert the Indian tribes, 
and in their efforts many 
were martyred for the _ 

faith. Samuel, de Champlain. 

3. Father Marquette on the Mississippi. — In 1673 

Father Marquette {mar-kef), a Jesuit missionary, 
in company with Louis Joliet {zho-le'd), made 

1. What were the French doing while the English were 
establishing settlements ? 2. Who was Champlain ? What 
place did he found ? Who founded the city of Montr(ial ? 




INTERCOLONIAL WARS. 



49 



liis way in a bark cauoe from Green Bay to 
the Wisconsin River until the Mississippi was 
reached. This he descended as far as the Ar- 
kansas River, and then returned to give an 
account of his work. 




Father Marquette on the Mississippi. 

4. A few years hiter Robert Cavelier de la Salle 
{ro'hare cav-aVyd deh lali sal) descended the Mis- 
sissippi to the Gulf of Mexico. He claimed for 
France all the territory watered by the Missis- 
sippi and its branches, and gave it the name of 
Louisiana, in honor of Louis XIV., then King of 
France. 



3. What did Father Marquette do ? 
do ? What did lie claim for France ? 



4. What did La Salle 



50 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

5. War between England and France. — England 
and France had been enemies for a long while, 
and in 1689 a war, known as King William's 
War, broke out between the French and English 
colonists in America, and lasted eight years. 
This was hardly over, when another war began 
in 1702, and did not end till 1713. King George's 
War followed this, in the years 1744-1748. 

6. During these wars the English invaded 
Canada and captured Port Royal in Acadia, now 
Nova Scotia, and Louisburg, the French fortress 
on the island of Cape Breton (breh-ton'), and the 
Indian allies on both sides attacked and burned 
several settlements and killed the inhabitants. 

7. These wars began in Europe, and England 
was the gainer, but her colonies did not profit by 
them, though they had given troops and money 
to carry them on. 

8. France fortifies the frontier. — The territory 
claimed by France was connected and guarded 
by a chain of sixty forts extending from the 
mouth of the St. Lawrence down the Mississippi 
to New Orleans. When trouble arose in the 
colonies about the boundai'ies between the 
French and English provinces, the French began 
to build new forts from Lake Erie to the Alle- 

5. What wars broke out in 1689? In 1702? In 1744? 
6. What places did the English attack and capture during 
these wars ? What did the Indians do ? 7. Did the colonies 
profit \>Y these wars ? 



INTERCOLONIAL WARS. 51 

gliany River. Then tliey drove away some Yir- 
giiiiaiis who had settled on the Ohio River for 
the purpose of trading with the Indians, and had 
begun to erect a fort where the Alleghany and 
Monongahela Rivers meet and form the Ohio. 
The French finished the fort, and named it Fort 
Duquesne (du-kane') in honor of the governor 
of Canada. 

9. When the governor of Virginia learned of 
this he sent a letter to the commander of the 
French posts, asking what he meant. 

10. Washington. — As the bearer of this letter 
the governor chose George AYashington, Avliom 
God afterward selected to lead his countrymen 
to victor}^ and freedom. Although only twenty- 
one years old at the time, Washington was known 
as a brave and fearless man who could be trusted 
in anything. 

11. He was born at Bridge's Creek, Westmore- 
land County, Virginia, February 22d, 1732. When 
he was eleven years old his father died, leaving 
n large estate. Washington continued to live at 
home with his mother and his brothers and sis- 
ters. His education was very simple : besides 
reading, writing, and arithmetic he learned book- 

8. How iiad tlie French guarded the territory claimed by them ? 
What forts did they erect afterward ? 9. What did the gover- 
nor of Virginia do when he learned what the French had done? 
10. Who was sent as bearer of the letter? How old was he at 
that time ? How was it known that he could be trusted ? 



O'^ PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

keeping and surveying, but lie associated with 
educated people, and liis manners grew to be ele- 
gant and refined. Strong and healthy, he was 
first in all manly exercises. As he grew up he 
became acquainted wdth life in the woods and 
the habits of the Indians. When only nineteen 
he was aj^pointed adjutant-general with the rank 
of major and the pay of one hundred and fifty 
pounds sterling (about $750) a year. 

12. Washington lost no time in starting on his 
errand, and, after a tiresome journey " across 
mountain and stream, through sleet and snow,'* 
delivered the letter safely. 

13. The French commander sent answer that 
he w^as determined to stay where he was, and 
would drive out any Englishman who dared set 
foot on French territory. 

14. Washington's way home was not without 
danger ; an Indian, wdio was in hiding, fired at 
him from not fifteen steps distant, but missed 
him. In crossing the half-frozen Alleghany 
River on a raft, Washington w^as nearly drow ned. 

15. The French commander's answer meant 
war. Colonel Frye with a regiment was sent to 
attack the French. Washington, who was second 
in command, took the advance ; learning that a 

11. What can you tell us about George Wasliington ? His 
education? 12. What did Washington do with the letter? 

13. What answer did the French commander send back? 

14. What happened to Washington on his way home ? 



i:n"tercoloxial wars. 



53 



body of tlie enemy was at a j)lace named Great 
Meadows, lie marched there and suddenly at- 
tacked and defeated it. 

16. The victory was short-lived, however, for 
the French sent a large force against Washington, 
Avho was obliged to surrender, but was allowed 
to return to Virainia with all his men. 




Washington Crossing the Alleghany. 

17. The fate of the Acadians. — Though Nova 
Scotia belonged to the English, the people were 
Catholics, descendants of the old French settlers. 

15. Who was sent to attack the French ? Who was second in 
command? What did he do? 16. What happened to Wash- 
ington ? 



54 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



They were called Acadians, from the original 
name of the ^ \ 

place, and -.^!,^(i 
were 

working and , 
happy ; sim- ^ 
pie in their 
wa^^s, and de- 
voted t o 
their ^ C 
families "^^^; 
a 11 d ^:^ 
their 
homes. 




18. They had fine, 
cave fully- tended farms, 
and partly to get pos- 
session of these, but 
principally on account 
of their religion, the 
English wanted to ex- 
17. What were the inhabitants of Nova Scotia called ? Wh^t 
do you know of them ? 



The Fate of the Acadians. 



INTERCOLONIAL WARS. 55 

pel tliem from the country. So, pretending that 
the Acadians wouki help the French in time of 
war, English troops suddenly surrounded these 
poor people, and, without any trial, drove them 
on board ships which carried them from their 
homes. Their houses and barns were burned ; 
children were separated from their mothers, 
wives from their husbands, and many of the 
families thus broken up were never again united. 



CHAPTEE X. 

INTERCOLONIAL WARS, CONTINUED. 

1. Braddock's expedition. — After the surrender 
of Washington, England sent General Braddock 
to America with two regiments of British soldiers. 

2. In July, 1755, Braddock marched against 
Fort Duquesne. But he knew nothing about the 
style of fighting followed by the Indians, who 
made up a large part of the French force, and he 
would not listen to AVashington's advice. 

3. The result was that the French and Indians, 
hidden behind rocks and trees, opened a deadly 
fire on the British, and forced them to retire. 
Braddock was killed, and his army was saved only 

18. Why did the English want to get rid of the Acadians ? 
How did they treat them ? 

1. Who was sent to America after the surrender of Washing- 
ton? 2. What did Braddoclv do? 



56 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UiflTED STATES. 

by tlie coolness aud courage of Washington. 
The latter had two horses shot under him, and 
four bullets passed through his coat. 

4. In the next four years other battles followed 
with sometimes the English, sometimes the 
French, as victors. Finally, in 1759, England 
made a grand attack on Canada. 

5. The surrender of Quebec. — General James 
Wolfe, a brave officer, Avith eight thousand British 
troops and a fleet, was sent up the St. Lawrence 
Eiver to capture Quebec. 

6. For three months the English besieged the 
city without success. A part of it lay on high 
ground, and this the English cannon could not 
reach. 

7. At last Wolfe discovered a narrow pathway 
which led up to the " Plains of Abraham," open 
fields outside the city walls. Up this path the 
English crept under cover of night, and by morn- 
ing the troops were drawn up, ready for battle, 
not a mile from the city. 

8. Montcalm {mdn'khdm'), the French com- 
mander, saw his danger, but ire was a brave man 
and marched out as soon as possible to attack the 
enemy. 

3. What was the result of Braddock's style of fighting? How 
was the army saved ? 4. W hat did England finally do ? 
5. What was Wolfe sent to do ? 6. What was the result of the 
siege of the city ? 7. How did Wolfe manage to reach the city ? 
8. What did Montcalm do? 



INTERCOLONIAL WARS. 57 

9. In the battle wliicli followed the English 
were victorious, but both Wolfe and Montcalm 
were mortally wounded. 

10. While the former was being carried from 
the field he heard that the French were flying. 
"Now God be praised," said the dying hero, "I 
die happy." It is related of Montcalm that when 
he learned he could not live, he exclaimed : " So 
much the better ; I shall not live to see the sur- 
render of Quebec." 

11. Shortly aftei' the capture of Quebec, which 
occurred September 18tli, 1760, Montreal also fell 
into the hands of the English, and that ended 
the war. 

12. The English get Canada. — A treaty of peace 
was signed in Paris in 1763. By it France gave 
up to Great Britain Canada and that joart of 
Louisiana between the Alleghanies and the Mis- 
sissippi except the island and city of New Or- 
leans. This with that part of Louisiana which 
lay west of the Mississippi she gave to Spain, 
who had helped her in the war with England. 

13. By this same treaty Spain gave Florida to 
England in exchange for the city of Havana, in 
the island of Cuba, which the English had taken 
the year before. 

9. What happened in the battle which followed ? 10. Re- 
peat the words of Wolfe. Of Montcalm. 11. What occurred 
shortly after the capture of Quebec? 12. What did France 
give to Great Britain by the treaty of Paris? What to Spain? 
13. What did Spain give to England? 



58 PKIMAKY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Review II.— The Colonies. 

What further have we learned about our country ? 

We have learned what happened from the time of the 
settlement of Virginia in 1584 down to the close of the 
Intercolonial wars. 

By whom was Virginia settled ? 

Virginia was settled by people sent out by a rich com- 
pany in England. 

By whom was New England first settled? 

New England was settled by people known as Puritans. 
They were seeking a place where they could worship God 
as they thought fit. 

How was Maryland settled ? 

Maryland was settled by Lord Baltimore and a body of 
Catholics who were persecuted in England on account of 
their religion. 

Who settled New Netherlands or New York ? 

New Netherlands, afterward New York, was settled by 
a number of families sent out from Holland by the Dutch 
West India Company. 

How did the English get possession of New Nether- 
lands ? 

England claimed the part of our country known as New 

Netherlands, and James, Duke of York, sent out a fleet, 
and compelled the Dutch to surrender. Then the name of 
the place was changed to New York. 

Who settled New Jersey? 

New Jersey was settled by some Swedes, but was taken 



THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 59 

from them by the Dutch. When the English seized New 
Netlierlancls, Jersey fell into their hands. 

By whom was Pennsylvania settled ? 

Pennsylvania was settled by William Penn and a number 
of Quakers. 

Under what government were these colonies ? 

All these colonies were ruled by the English government. 

What other colonies were ruled by England .'* 

Carolina and Georgia were also settled by Englishmen, 
and were governed by England. 

In what part of the country did the French settle ? 

The French settled in the AYest and along the gulf and 
river of St. Lawrence. 

What caused the Intercolonial Wars ? 

The Intercolonial Wars were caused by the dispute be- 
tween England and France as to which nation our country 
should belong. In the end it was decided ni favor of 
England. 



CHAPTER XL 

THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 

1. England proposes to tax America. — The close 
of the war with France found Euglaud heavily 
in debt, and to help pay this the British Parlia- 
ment proposed to tax the colonies. 

2. This Avas unjust. They had not brought on 

1. What did England propose to do to help pay her debt ? 



60 PKIMAKY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



the war, and tliougli it cost tliem many lives and 
much money, they were in no way benefited by it. 
3. Besides, as they were not allowed to send 
members to the British Parliament, the colonies 
denied the right of that body to tax them. "No 
taxation without represen- 
tation," said they, and they 
determined not to submit. 
4. But in spite of this the 
king and Parliament de. 
cided to enforce the hate- 
ful *' Navigation Act," by 
which the Americans 
were not allowed to 
send their goods any- 
where except to Great 
Britain. 

5. The Stamp Act. — Fur- 
ther, a law was jDassed, 
known as the Stamp Act, 
which required a govern- 
ment stamp to be placed 
on alj^ legal documents, 
such as wills, deeds, and 
similar papers, and even on newspapers. The 
price of these stamps depended on the value of 
the articles. 

2, 3. Why did the colonies determine not to submit to this ? 
4. What did the king and Parliament decide to do ? 5. What 
law was passed ? What did this law require ? 




Patrick Henry Photesting 
Against the Tax. 



THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 61 

6. This caused great iudignation in the colo- 
nies. Meetings were held and processions took 
place in every part of the country to show the 
public feeling. 

7. Patrick Henry protests. — In the Virginia As- 
sembly, Patrick Henry, a young man, declared 
that the General Assembly of a colony alone had 
the right to tax the people. During a debate that 
followed Henry boldly said, " Caesar had his Bru- 
tus, Charles the First his Cromwell, and George 
the Third — " " Treason ! treason ! " cried some 
members. "And George the Third may profit 
by their example," continued the patriot. " If 
that be treason, make the most of it." 

8. So much opposition caused the British 
government to do away Avith the Stamp Act, but 
England still claimed the right to tax her colonies 
in any way she saw fit. 

9. She therefore laid a tax on glass, painters' 
materials, paper, and tea. Believing this to be 
unjust, the colonists refused to buy the taxed 
goods. 

10. The ^^ Boston Massacre." — Great excitement 
followed, and British troops were sent to put 
down the angry people. A fight occurred between 
the soldiers and the citizens in a street of Boston, 
in which three persons were killed, two mortally 

6. How was public feeling shown ? 7. What did Patrick 
Henry declare ? 8, What was the result of this opposition ? 
9. What did England tax ? What did the colonists do V 



62 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



wounded, and several injured by the military. 
This is known as the " Boston Massacre." 

11. To quiet the colonies, England then took 
the tax off all goods excej^t tea. But this did 
not satisfy the people : they were determined 
that the taxed article should not be landed here. 
Shiploads of tea sent over to New York and 
Philadelphia were sent back to England, and at 

Charleston the tea 
was placed in damp 
cellars, where it 
spoiled. 

12. The Boston Tea- 
party. — On Decem- 
ber 16tli, 1773, about 
k|\J fifty men disguised 
as Indians, and fol- 
lowed by a large but 
orderly crowd, hur- 
i ried to a wharf in Boston 
'y where three tea-shij^s lay. 
were boarded and their car- 
consisted of three hundred and 
chests of tea, were emptied into 




The vessels § 
goes, which t 
fort y-t w o ? 
the water. 

13. As the 

homes they passed a house at which Admiral 
Montagu {mbn'ta-gu) was visiting. Eaising the 



men were returning to their 



10. Wliat happened then ? What is known as the " Boston 
Massacre "? 11. What did England do to quiet the colonies? 



THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE. 63 

window, the admiral called out : " Well, boys, 
you've had a fine night for your Indian caper. 
But, mind, you've got to pay the fiddler yet." 
'' Oh, never mind, squire'" replied one of the men, 
*' just come out here, if you please, and we'll set- 
tle the bill in two minutes." The admiral thought 
it best to let the bill stand, and quickly shut the 
window. 

14. To punish the people for destroying the 
tea. Parliament closed the port of Boston, that 
is, no vessels were allowed to enter or to leave 
there, and General Gage was appointed gover- 
nor. 

15. The first Continental Congress. — Even at 
this time the Americans did not think of going 
to war with England. In order to consider 
what might be tlie best way to defend their 
rights and secure justice, representatives of the 
different colonies met at Philadelphia in Sep- 
tember, 1774, and formed the first Continental 
Congress. 

IG. This Congress drew up what was called a 
"Declaration of Bights," and sent a petition to 
the king and Parliament asking for justice. 

17. But it was of no use ; and when the colo- 
nists found that no attention was paid to their 

12, 18. Tell the story of the "Boston Tea-party." 
14. Wliat did Parliament do to punish the people ? 15. Where 
and why did representatives of the colonies meet ? What was 
formed at this meeting ? 16. What did this Congress do ? 



64 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

petition, they, for the first time, began to think 
of war. Bands of citizens calling themselves 
*' Minute-Men," because they were supposed to 
be ready at a minute's notice, were formed, and 
they j^repared themselves by drilling day and 
night. 

CHAPTEK XII. 

CONCORD AND LEXINGTON. 

1. Gage sends troops to destroy military stores 
at Concord. — Learning that some powder and 
other military stores were at Concord, General 
Oage sent Colonel Smith and Major Pitcairn 
with a force of British soldiers to destroy them. 

2. But Paul Bevere, a brave American, rode 
ahead and warned the people, and when the 
soldiers reached Lexington the Minute-Men were 
ready to receive them. 

3. Lexington the first battle of the Revolution. — 
The British fired on the patriot band, killing 
seven and wounding nine, and then hurried on to 
Concord, Avhere they destroyecTsome flour and old 
cannons, and burned a liberty-pole that had been 
erected. 

4. By this time the people were aroused ; men 

17. What did the people do when no attention was paid to 
their petition ? 

1. What did (ieneral Gage do ? 2. What did Paul Revere 
do ? 3. How did the British act ? 



COXCORD AND LEXINGTON. 



65 



liastened from Louses, work-sliops, aud fields. 
The soldiers were attacked from behind trees. 




The Fight at Concord. 



bushes, 
and stone 
walls until, 
no longer able 
to stand the fire 
that w^as poured on 
them, they began to run, 
and were chased like a 
flock of frightened sheep by the patriots. 

5. The colonies rise. — The news of the fight 
spread through the country, and the militia of 
the other colonies was sent to the help of Mas- 
sachusetts. Men dropped their work and, arm- 
ing themselves with such weapons as they could 
find, hurried toward Boston. 

4. How did tlie people attack tliera ? 5. What was done 
when tlie news of the fight spread ? 



6Q PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

6. One example will show the spirit of the 
people. Israel Putnam, an old soldier, Avas 
building a stone fence when he heard the cry 
from Lexington. Without waiting to change 
his dress, he mounted his horse and rode with all 
speed to Boston. 

7. In a short time an army of brave men had 
Gage and the British troops shut up in Boston. 

8. The capture of Fort Ticonderoga. — The next 
month Ethan Allen with a company of "Green 
Mountain Boys " from Vermont surprised and 
captured Fort Ticonderoga, on Lake Champlain. 
Making his way to the British commander's 
room, Allen demanded the surrender of the fort. 
*' On what authority ? " asked the officer. " In 
the name of the great Jehovah and the Conti- 
nental Congress," replied Allen. The following 
day the Americans captured Crown Point. Both 
forts contained large supplies of military stores 
which were valuable to the patriots. 

9. On the coast of Maine Captain Jeremiah 
O'Brien, with his brothers and a few other brave 
men, gained the first naval battle of the Bevolu- 
tion by capturing the English vessel " Margaretta" 
and two sloops. . 

6. Give an example to show the spirit of the people. 8. Tell 
what you can of Ethan Allen and the capture of Ticonderoga. 
9. Where was the first naval battle gained ? By whom ? 



WASHINGTOiT IK COMMAJS^D. 



67 



CHAPTER XIIL 



WASHINGTON IN COMMAND. — THE BATTLE OF BUNKER 
HILL. 



May 




George Washington. 



1. The second Continental Cong^ress. — On 
lOth, 1775, a few hours 
after the surrender of 
Ticonderoga, the second 
Continental Congress 
met at Philadelphia. It 
Toted to raise an army, 
and appointed George 
Washington commander- 
in-c]iief. 

2. In the meantime 
fresh troops had been sent out from England to 
help Gage. Thus strengthened, he determined 
to fortify Bunker Hill, which is opposite Boston. 
But before he could do so, the Americans took 
possession of the place, or rather of Breed's 
Hill, near it, and in one night built a fort of 
earth and fence-rails. 

3. The battle of Bunker Hill. — "When the morn- 
ing light showed what had been done, the 
British ships opened lire and a large body of 

1. When and where did the second Continental Congress 
meet ? What did it do ? 2. What did Gage determine to do ? 
What did the Americans do V 



68 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE U:N"ITED STATES. 

troops, " the flower of the British army," was 
sent to drive the Americans from their position. 

4. A fierce fight followed ; the patriot arm j 
fought well and desperately, and though obliged 
at last to retire, because the powder gave out, it 
was a dear victory for the enemy ; their loss in 
killed and wounded was over a thousand, while 
the whole loss of the Americans Avas one hun- 
dred and forty-five killed and missing, and thxee 
hundred and four wounded. 

5. Two weeks after the battle of Bunker Hill 
Washington reached Cambridge, near Boston, 
and took command of the American army. 

6. This army was made up of about fourteen 
thousand men, ready to shed their last drop of 
blood in defense of their rights, but poorly 
provided with guns and other arms, and not 
drilled. 

CHAPTEK XIV. 

THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST CANADA. THE BRITISH 

LEAVE BOSTON. — THE DECLARATION OF 
INDEPENDENCET^ 

1. The campaign against Canada. — Having^ 

learned that the British intended to attack the 

3. What did tlie Britisli do the following day? 4. Wbo^ 
gained the victory ? What was the loss in the fight ?' 
5. When did Washington reach Cambridge ? 6. How manjr 
men were in the army ? How were they provided with arms t 



THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST CANADA. 



69 



northern part of New York, Congress sent two 
armies to invade Canada. One of these was 
commanded by General Richard Montgomery, 
a gallant Irishman who was fighting for our 
independence, the other by General Benedict 
Arnold. 

2. Montgomery descended Lake Champlain 
and captured Montreal. He then marched for- 
ward, hoping to take Quebec. He was joined by 
Arnold, and on December 31st, 1775, the city 
was attacked. The result was a sad defeat for 
the Americans, who were driven back with heavy 
loss ; the brave Montgomery was killed, Arnold 
was badly wounded, and the army retreated from 
Canada. 

3. I n the 
meantime 
Washington 
was drilling his 
men about Bos- 
ton, but as he 
had neither ar- 
tillerj'^ nor pow- 
der he could do 
very little. 

4. Finally, 
however, fifty cannon were dragged to Cam- 
bridge on ox-sleds, and placed in position on 

1. What did Congress do ? 2. What was the result of the 
invasion of Canada ? 3. What was Washington doing ? 




Dragging Cannon to Cambridge. 



70 PKIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Dorchester Heights, from which place their shot 
coukl easily reach Boston. 

5. Then Washington sent word to General 
William HoAve, who had succeeded Gage as- 
commander of the British forces, that unless he 
withdrew from the city without delay it would 
be cannonaded. 

6. The British are driven from Boston. — As there 
was no means of escape, Howe and his army 
boarded their vessels, and on St. Patrick's Day, 
March 17th, 1776, sailed for Halifax. 

7. The country was now free from British 
troops, and the following day Washington entered 
Boston in triumph. 

8. The British attack Charleston. — The British 
government then sent out several regiments and 
a fleet to attack New York. But as that city was 
too strongly fortified, the ships sailed south, 
hoping to capture Charleston, South Carolina. 

9. This city Avas protected by a fort built of 
palmetto logs filled in Avith sand, and its com- 
mander, Colonel Moultrie, made such a gallant 
defense that the enemy Avas forced to Avithdraw 
with a loss of tAvo ships and many men. 

10. During the hottest part of the attack the 

4. How were cannon brought to Cambridge ? 5. What 
word did Washington send to Howe ? 6. What did Howe do ? 
7. What followed this ? 8. What did the British government 
do next? What city did the ships sail for? 9. Wliat was the 
result of the attack on Charleston ? 



THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 71 

American flag was shot away, and fell outside the 
fort. Without a moment's hesitation Sergeant Jas- 
per, a brave Irishman, sprung over the wall and, 
in spite of the enemy's fire, picked up the flag. 
Then, fixiHg it on a sponge-staff, he planted it 
firmly on the fort. For this brave act the gov- 
ernor of South Carolina afterward presented him 
with his own sword. 

11. The Declaration of Independence. — Up to this 
time the Americans had scarcely thought of 
separating from England, but they now began to 
feel that King George and the British govern- 
ment would never do them justice. Congress, 
which was composed of representatives from the 
thirteen colonies, therefore appointed a commit- 
tee to draw up the Declaration of Independence. 
This was written by Thomas Jefierson, and on 
July 4th, 1776, was adopted by Congress. Thus 
the United States became a free and independ- 
ent nation. It is said that John Hancock, who 
wrote his name in large, clear letters, added : 
^* There, John Bull can read that without spec- 
tacles ;" and when some one remarked to Stephen 
Hopkins that his hand trembled, he answered : 
•** True ; but my heart does not." When Charles 

10. What is said of Sergeant Jasper? 11. For what pur- 
pose did Congress appoint a committee? Who wrote the 
Declaration of Independence? What did the United States 
become? What is Hancock reported to have said? Hopkins? 
:Franklin ? 



72 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UlflTED STATES. 

Carroll of Carrollton, wlio was very ricli, signed, 
Franklin remarked "There go millions!" 

12. The people received the news with great 
joy ; bells were rung, cannon fired, and the cry 
of " Liberty " sounded throughout the land. 



CHAPTEE XV. 

THE CAMPAIGN IN NEW YORK. — THE BATTLE OF LONG 
ISLAND. — THE CAMPAIGN IN NEW JERSEY. 

1. After driving the enemy from Boston, 
Washington moved his troops to New York. 
General Howe who had come up from Halifax, 
was encamped on Staten Island. His army had 
been strengthened by fresh regiments sent over 
from England, and he determined to attack the 
Americans. 

2. The battle of Long Island. — General Putnam, 
with a force of about nine thousand patriots, 
held a fort at Brooklyn and defenses on the 
hills south of the city. The British crossed 
from Staten Island, and landing on the south- 
western part of Long Island, began an attack, 
August 27th, 1776. The Americans were fight- 
ing bravely when they suddenly heard firing 
behind them. It was too late to escape ; they 
were surrounded. Their loss in killed and 

1. To what place did Wasliington move? 



THE BATTLE OF LONG ISLAND. 73 

wounded was about four hundred, and over a 
thousand were made prisoners. 

3. While the battle was going on, Washington 
crossed over from. New York, but was unable to 
save the men. Had Howe followed up his vic- 
tory the war might have ended there, but for two 
days he did nothing. 

4. On the second night after the battle there 
was a heavy fog on the Brooklyn side of the 
river. Taking advantage of this, Washington 
collected all the boats he could find, and suc- 
ceeded in getting his army across to New York. 

5. A woman sent her negro servant to tell the 
British that the Americans were escaping, but he 
was caught by some Hessian soldiers employed 
in the British army. They did not understand 
English, and kejDt the man a prisoner until the 
next day, when his message was too late. The 
following morning, when the British general put 
out his hand to take " the nest of rebels," as he 
called it, he found that the nest was there, but 
that the birds had flown. 

6. As he could not hold the city against the 
larger force, Washington retreated up the island 
toward Harlem, and then continued on to White 
Plains. 

2. What took place on August 27tb, 1776? What was the 
result of the battle? 4. How did the Americans escape? 

5. What happened to the negro who was sent to the British? 

6. Where did Washington go after the battle? 



74 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

' 7. lusteacl of continuing to follow the Ameri- 
cans, Howe decided to cross into New Jerse}^ Be- 
fore doing tliis lie attacked Fort Washington, on 
the Hudson, and captured it, taking about three 
thousand prisoners. This was a heavy blow to 
the patriot cause ; many thought American in- 
dependence would never be gained, but Wash- 
ington did not lose hope for a moment. 

8. Nathan Hale. — As it was important that 
Washington should know something of the 
enemy's plans, Captain Nathan Hale, a young 
man only twenty-one years of age, offered to 
enter the British camp and learn what he could. 
Hale had been a student at Yale College, and 
was teaching school when the battle of Lexing- 
ton occurred. As soon as the news of that fight 
reached him he enlisted in the patriot army, and 
soon rose to be captain of his company. 

9. Hale reached the British camp, made 
drawings of their defenses, with notes in Latin, 
and was on his Avay to Washington when he was 
captured. Howe ordered him to be hanged the 
next morning. In the mean^tiine he was treated 
in the most cruel manner. His letters to his 
mother and sister were torn to pieces before his 
eyes, and he was not permitted to see a clergy- 
man. When he was led out for execution he 
was asked for a dying confession. "I only regret 

7. Where did Howe decide to go? What place did he 
attack? With what result? 



THE CAMPAIGN IN NEW JERSEY 75 

that I have but one life to lose for mj country," 
said the j3atriot ; and with these words on his 
lips he died. 

10. The British now threatened Philadelphia, 
and Washington crossed the Hudson and re- 
treated across New Jersey, closely followed by 
the enemy under command of Lord Cornwallis. 

11. As he found he could not hold New Jersey, 
Washington crossed the Delaware River at 
Trenton, and passed over to Pennsylvania, first 
taking care to get possession of every boat for 
miles up and down the river. This left Corn- 
wallis no other choice than to wait for the stream 
to freeze over. 

12. The Hessians are surprised at Trenton. — The 
patriot army was fast becoming discouraged ; 
the men were in rags and barefoot, and provis- 
ions were scarce. Washington saw that some- 
thing must be done. 

13. He resolved upon a bold step. Through a 
blinding snow-storm he recrossed the Delaware 
with his men, though the river was choked with 
floating ice, and on the morning of December 26th, 
1776, the day after Christmas, he surprised a 
force of Hessians at Trenton. 

8, 9. Tell tlie story of Nathan Hale. 10. Wliat city was now 
threatened by the British? What move did Washington make? 

11. Describe the crossing of the Delaware River by Washington. 

12. What was the condition of the patriot army? 13. What 
bold step did Washington take ? What was the result ? 



76 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



14. So sudden was tlie attack that nearly a 
thousand of these hired servants of the English 
king were killed or taken prisoners, and all their 
arms and stores fell into Washington's hands. 
The American loss was only two killed, one frozen 
to death, and six wounded. 




Defeat op the Hessians at Trenton. 

15. The following week Washington defeated 
another body of British at Princeton. It Avas 
now the enemy's turn to fall back, and nearly the 
whole of New Jersey was again in possession of 
the Americans. 

14. What was the British loss ? What was the American 
loss ? 15. What was Washington's next victory? What was 
the result of these victories ? 



AID FROM FOREIGN LANDS. 



77 



CHAPTER XYI. 



AID FROM FOREIGN LANDS. — THE PENNSYLVANIA CAM- 
PAIGN. — VALLEY FORGE. — BURGOYNE's CAMPAIGN. 



^c^i?^- 



1. The hopes of tlie Americaus were now re- 
vived. After liis victory at Princeton, Washing- 
ton inarched to Morristown, New Jersey, where 
his army went into winter quarters, and the time 
was spent in drilling and preparing the men to 
fight properly. 

2. Aid from France. — In 
the spring of 1777 the 
Marquis de Lafayette {loJi- 
fay-yet'), a brave young 
Trench nobleman, fitted 
out a vessel at his own 
expense with supplies for 
the army, and came over 
to help us in our struggle. 

3. Other lovers of lib- 
erty in foreign lands also offered their services 
to Congress, among them General Steuben {stu^ 
hen), De Kalb, Kosciusko {kos-see-us'ko), and Pu- 
laski {jpU'las'kee). 

1. What did Wasliington do after the battle of Princeton ? 
2. Who came over from France to help us ? 3. What other 
foreigners offered their services to Congress? 




Lafayette. 



78 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

4. The battle of Brandywine.— In July, 1777, 
General Howe with more than eighteen thousand 
soldiers appeared in Chesapeake Bay on his way 
to capture Philadelphia. Washington hurried 
to head him off, and the two armies met on the 
Brandywine Biver, September 11th. A fierce 
engagement took place, and the Americans were 
defeated with a loss of about twelve hundred 
men. Washington retreated and Howe moved 
on to Philadelphia and entered the city. 

5. The following month in a battle at German- 
town the Americans were again defeated with 
heavy loss. In fact, the result of the Pennsyl- 
vania campaign was very discouraging. 

6. The Americans at Valley Forge. — After this 
both armies went into winter quarters : the Eng- 
lish around Philadelphia, and the Americans at 
Yalley Forge. The sufferings of our men were 
very severe ; their dwellings were wretched huts 
which did not protect them from the weather; 
their food was j^oor and scarce ; they were mis- 
erably clothed, many being barefoot, and they 
were unpaid. Had it not been for their true, 
stout hearts and their confidence in Washington, 
they would have given up the struggle. 

7. While Washington was meeting such re- 

4. What can you say about the battle of Brandywine ? 
5. What other battle was lost by the Americans? 6. What 
places were selected for winter quarters ? What was the con- 
dition of our men ? 



BURGOYNE S CAMPAIGN. 79 

yerses in Pennsylvania, our men in New York 
State were more successful. 

8. Burgoyne invades New York. — In the spring 
of 1777 General Burgoyne, a distinguished Eng- 
lish officer, set out from Canada with an army of 
about ten thousand men, many of them Indians, 
to invade New York State. His march was 
bravely resisted by a small force of Americans 
under General Schuyler, but this was unable to 
prevent the cruelties practiced on the settlers by 
the Indians and Tories.^ 

9. Learning that the patriots had a large quan- 
tity of stores at Bennington, Vermont, Burgoyne 
sent Colonel Baum to seize them. But Colonel 
John Stark with a body of " Green Mountain 
Boys " and NeAV Hampshire militia met and de- 
feated the enemy. It was in this battle that 
Stark is reported to have said : "There are the 
red-coats. We must beat them to-day, or before 
night Molly Stark's a widow." 

10. General Horatio Gates, who now com- 
manded the American army in New York, made 
a stand at Stillwater, and in a battle which took 

7. What is said of our army in New York State ? 8. What 
did Burgoyne do in the spring of 1777? By whom was he 
opposed ? Who were the Tories ? 9. What can you say of 
the battle of Bennington ? What is Stark reported to have 
said ? 



* The Tories were those Americans or settlers who sided 
with the English. 



80 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

place drove Bnrgojne back, and captured a Hes- 
sian regiment. 

11. Burgoyne's surrender. — It was now tlie turn 
of tlie British to retreat, and Burgoyne made all 
liaste to return to Canada. Finding this impos- 
sible, he fell back on Saratoga. Here he was 
hemmed in on all sides ; he had very little food, 
and there was no way of getting more ; Clinton, 
who was expected with fresh troops from New 
York, had not arrived, while the American forces 
were being constantly increased by the arrival 
of militia. There was nothing for the British to 
do but to surrender, and this Burgoyne did Oc- 
tober 16th, 1777, and his army of six thousand 
men with cannon and arms fell into the hands of 
the Americans. 

12. We can imagine the efiect of this victory 
on the Americans. All fears of invasion from 
Canada were put to rest, the thinned-out ranks 
of our armies were filled with new volunteers, 
and there was general rejoicing through the 
country. 

10. What was the result of the battle at Stillwater ? 
11. What happened at Saratoga ? 12. What effect had the 
victory at Saratoga on the Americans ? 



AID FROM FRANCE. 



81 



CHAPTER XYII. 



AID FROM FRANCE. — BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. — THE BAT- 
TLE OF MONMOUTH. — THE MASSACRE OF WYOMING. 

1. More help from France. — Besides reviving 
the droopiug spirits of the Americans, the defeat 
of Burgoyne was a benefit in another way. 
France, which had long been friendly to our 
cause, now openly came to our help, and in the 
summer of 1778 sent out a large fleet with sev- 
eral thousand men. 

2. Benjamin Franklin. — 
This was due mainly to 
the efforts of Benjamin 
Franklin, a patriotic man, 
who was acting as the 
envoy of our country at 
the court of France. 

3. Franklin, who was 
the son of a soap and 
candle maker, was born 
in Boston in 1706. As 
a boy he learned the 
printer's trade, and afterward became editor and 

1. In what other way were the Americans benefited by the 
defeat of Burgoyne ? 2. To whom was the help from France 
mainly due? 




Benjamin Franklin. 



82 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UN^ITED STATES. 

proprietor of one of tlie leading newspapers in 
Pennsylvania. He was also the author of " Poor 
Hichard's Almanac," which is filled with wise 
sayings. His epita23h, or inscription for his tomb, 
which he wrote when only twenty-three years 
old, is very odd. It reads : *' The bod}^ of Ben- 
jamin Franklin, printer (like the cover of an old 
book, its contents torn out and stripped of its 
lettering and gilding), lies here food for worms. 
"Yet the work shall not be lost, for it will, as he 
believed, appear once more in a new and more 
beautiful edition, corrected and amended by the 
author." 

4. By his industry, economy, and honesty 
Franklin rose to be one of the foremost men of 
the country. "When he had made a fortune he 
gave up business, and passed his time in scientific 
studies. 

5. Having noticed that a cat's back when 
stroked vigorously on a cold night will send out 
electric sparks, Franklin was led to consider 
whether these sparks might not be the same 
as the lightning-flashes. 

6. To find out, he sent up a kite during a 
thunder-storm, and fastened an iron key to the 
string. Then by touching his knuckle to the key 
he obtained a spark, which satisfied him that 
lightning and electricity are the same. He after- 
ward invented the lightning-rod. 

3-7. Tell what you know about Franklin. 



THE BATTLE OF MONMOUTH. 83 

7. Franklin was one of the committee of five 
chosen by Congress to prepare the "Declaration 
of Independence." He died April 17th, 1790, 
mourned by the country he had served so well. 

8. As soon as the French fleet reached here, 
Clinton, the English general, who had succeeded 
Howe at Philadelphia, was ordered to move to 
NeAv York, for fear he might be shut up in 
Philadelphia. 

9. The battle of Monmouth. — He was overtaken, 
however, at Monmouth by Washington, who 
came on from Yalley Forge. A fight occurred, 
and had it not been for the misconduct of 
General Charles Lee the Americans would have 
won a complete victory. As it was, the British 
lost more than four hundred men in killed and 
wounded and eight hundred by desertion. The 
British succeeded in reaching New York, and 
"Washington encamj)ed at White Plains. 

10. It was in this battle that Molly Pitcher, 
the wife of an artilleryman, distinguished herself 
by taking her husband's place when he was 
killed, and continuing to load and fire his cannon 
till the fight was over. As a reward for her 
bravery Washington made her a sergeant, and 
Congress gave her half-pay for life. 

8. What happened when the French fleet reached here ? 
9. What occurred at Monmouth? What was the British loss? 
What place did the British reach ? Where did Washington en- 
camp ? 10. What did Molly Pitcher do ? How was she rewarded ? 



84 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



i^} 



11. The massacre of Wyoming. — During the sum- 
mer of 1778 Colonel John Butler, a brutal English 

officer, with a 
band of Indians 
and Tories, at- 
tacked Wyom- 
ing, a beautiful 
village of Penn- 
sylvania, and in 
the absence of 
the able-bodied 
men, who were 
away fighting 
their country's battles, 
killed the old men, women, and 
children, burned the houses and 

Molly Pitcher at the cropS, and left the OUCe lovelj 
Battle op Monmouth. , 

place a rum. 

12. Similar barbarous acts occurred elsewhere. 
To put a stop to such outrages, and to punish 
the Indians for their part in the bloody work, 
Washington sent a force which attacked and de- 
feated them, burned their villages, and destroyed 
their fields. 

11. Describe tlie massacre at Wyoming-. 12. What was done 
to stop these outrages and to punish the Indians ? 




THE AVAR IN THE SOUTH. 85 



CHAPTER XVIII. 

THE WAR IN THE SOUTH. — JOHN PAUL JONES, 
BARRY, AND OTHER NAVAL HEROES. 

1. The British campaign in the South. — Unable 
to subdue our armies at the North, the British 
turned their attention to the Southern States. 
A large army was sent to Georgia, and in a short 
time that State Avas in possession of the enemy. 

2. South Carolina became frightened and 
called out her militia, but the British forces 
were too strong, and overran the whole State. 

3. In October, 1779, General Lincoln, assisted 
by the French fleet, attempted to recapture 
Savannah. But our men were repulsed with 
heavy loss ; among the many killed was brave 
Sergeant Jasjjer, and Count Pulaski was mortally 
wounded. 

4. Naval operations. — Considering the small size 
of the American navy it did excellent service, for 
in three years our cruisers and privateers* cap- 
tured over five hundred British vessels. 

1. To what part of tlie country did tlie Britisli now turn 
their attention? "What happened in Georgia? 2. What in 
South Carolina ? 3. How did the attempt to recapture Savan- 
nah result? 4. What can you say of the American navy? 
W^hat is a cruiser ? What is a privateer ? 



* A cruiser is an armed ship. A privateer is an armed ves- 



SG PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

5. lu Sej)tember, 1779, John Paul Jones, a 
Scotch naval officer who was fighting in the 
cause of American freedom, captured two British 
frigates off the English coast. Jones's flag-ship, 
the " Bonhomme Richard, " was so riddled with 
shot in the engagement that she sunk soon after 
her wounded and the rest of the crew had been 
transferred to one of the captured boats. 

6. Other distinguished officers of our navy 
were Captains Barry, Biddle, Hinman, Manly, 
and McNeil. Captain John Barry, an Irish 
Catholic, afterward head of the American navy, 
with his cruiser, the " Lexington," captured a 
British armed tender^ off the ca23es of the Dela- 
ware. Afterward he destroyed five British ves- 
sels belov\^ Philadelphia, without losing a man. 

7. The loss of Charleston. — After the defeat at 
Savannah General Lincoln withdrew to Charles- 
ton, but he was besieged there by Clinton with 
an army and a fleet and forced to surrender. 

8. The British now had everything their own 
way in the South, except for the continual at- 

5. Who was Paul Jones ? What did he do ? 6. Name some 
other distinguished officers of our navy. What did Captain 
Barry do ? 7, What happened to Lincoln after the defeat at 
Savannah ? 



sel belonging to one or more private persons, and having the 
authority of some government to make war on the commerce 
of its enemy. 

* A tender is a small vessel employed to attend a larger one. 



THE WAK lis" THE SOUTH. 87 

tacks of sncli patriots as General Francis Marion 
and General Thomas Sumter. Tlieir troops, 
thougli small in number, knew the bj-wajs 
through the forests and swamps, and taking ad- 
vantage of these, fell upon the enemy when least 
expected, and succeeded in taking many prisoners. 

9. In 1780, Congress, in the hope of recovering 
the South, sent an army under General Gates to 
South Carolina. Cornwallis had gathered a large 
number of troops at Camden, and there a furious 
battle took place. The Americans were badly 
-defeated; our loss in killed and wounded was 
nearly two thousand, and the baggage and artil- 
lery were captured. General DeKalb, our brave 
ally, was mortally wounded in this battle. 

10. General Greene in command at the South. — The 
Carolinas and Georgia were now at the mercy of 
the British. By the advice of Washington, Gene- 
ral Nathanael Greene was sent South to collect 
an army. Then came a change. The British 
were defeated at Cowpens, South Carolina, and 
again at Hobkirk's Hill and at Eutaw Springs, 
and by the bgeinning of 1782, with the exception 
of Charleston and Savannah, Greene had recov- 
ered the Carolinas and Georgia. 

8. What can you say of Generals Marion and Sumter? 
9. Wliat took place when Congress sent Gates to South Caro- 
lina ? What was our loss ? What brave general was mortally 
wounded ? 10. What was the result of sending Greene to the 
South ? 



S8 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



CHAPTEE XIX. 

Arnold's treason. — the siege of yorktown. — 
the surrender of cornwallis. 

1. The treason of Arnold. — General Benedict 
Arnold, who distinguished himself by his bravery 
at Ticonderoga, Quebec, and Saratoga, fell into 
bad habits and got heavily in debt. He went 
from bad to worse, until at last in order to get 
money he resolved to betray his country. 

2. He had been placed in command at West 
Point, the most important fortress on the Hud- 
son Eiver. This he agreed to deliver up to the 
English for ten thousand pounds sterling, which 
is about fift}^ thousand dollars, and an appoint- 
ment as a general in the British army. 

3. The capture of Andr6. — Major Andre, a young 
English officer, was sent to meet Arnold and ar- 
range the plans for the act of treachery. 

4. Everything seemed to be^ working well for 
the traitor. But Providence was watching over 
our country. As Andre was returning to Sir 
Henry Clinton at New York, he was stopped at 
Tarrytown by three militiamen, John Paulding, 
David Williams, and Isaac Yan Wart. 

1. What happened to Arnold ? 2. What did he agree to do ? 
3. Who was sent to meet him ? 



ARNOLD S TREASON. 



89 



5. Believing tliat tliey sided with the English, 
Andre told them he was a 
British officer. The men 
searched him, and Ar- 
nold's plans were found 
hidden in his stocking. In 
Tain he tried to ^^ 
bribe his cap- 
tors to release 
him. They 
took him to 
the nearest 
American post. 
Andre was 
tried as a spy 
and hanged. 

6. Arnold 
heard of An- 
dre's capture 
and fled to New 
York, and af- 
terward took part "" 
in so m e battles 
against his country. 
He finally went to ^"i.-^ ^^"^ " "^ 
England, where he the capture of andre. 
died in 1801, poor and despised. 

7. Cornwallis in Virginia. — After several battles, 

4, 5. What happened to Andre ? 6. What became of Ar- 
nold? 




90 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

in some of wliicli he was victorious aud in others 
was defeated, CoriiAvallis pushed his way into 
Virginia, and laid waste the countiy on the 
James River beyond Richmond. Lafayette was 
at Richmond with an army of about three thou- 
sand men, but that was not large enough to attack 
Cornwallis. 

8. In June, 1781, the English general moved 
toward the coast and encamped at Yorktown, 
on the south side of the York River. 

9. Washington was preparing to attack Clinton 
in New York, but changing his plans he hurried 
down to Yorktown. There with the combined 
French and American armies and the French 
fleet under Count De Grasse {deli gralis'), he be- 
gan the bombardment of the city. 

10. Cornwallis was completely surrounded. 
He could not escape by land, for Washington, Ro- 
chambeau {ro' slibn-ho'), and Lafayette prevented 
that ; nor could he get away by water, for De 
Grasse and his fleet blocked the James and York 
rivers. 

11. The surrender of Cornwallis. — Still the British 
general did not give up. He tried to force his 
way through our lines, but seeing that his posi- 
tion was hopeless, he surrendered on October 

7. Where did Cornwallis next go ? Who was at Richmond ? 
8, Where did Cornwallis encamp in June, 1781 ? 9. What 
did Washington do ? Who assisted him ? 10. Why could not 
Cornwallis escape ? 



THE SURRENDER UF CORNWALLIS. 91 

19tli, 1781, Avitli liis army of seven tliousaDcI men, 
a hundred cannon, and quantities of arms, 
powder, and other ammunition. 

12. The news of this victory caused great re- 
joicing through the country, for the war was 
really ended. England, herself, saw how useless 
it was to try to conquer our people, and began 
to talk about making jjeace. 

13. In the meanwhile, though the armies were 
not disbanded, fighting stopped, and finally a 
treaty of peace was signed at Paris, September 
3d, 1783. 

14. The United States recognized as a nation. — 
Thus after a war of eight years England was 
compelled to acknowledge the independence of 
the thirteen colonies. The United States was at 
once recognized as a nation by France, Spain, 
and Holland, and in a short time by the other 
countries of Europe. 

15. Before the end of the year the British army 
had left our shores, and Washington, thinking 
his work was over, resigned his commission as 
general and retired to his home at Mount Vernon, 
followed by the love of his country and the 
respect of the world. 

16. The bravery, industry, sobriet}^, honest}^ 

11. Wliat did he do Octoljer 19tli, 1781 ? 12. What was the 
result of this victory? 13. When was a treaty of peace 
made? 14. What nations of Europe recognized the United 
States? 15. W^hat did Washington do? 



92 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UN^ITED STATES. 

aud just character of our people were praised by 
all. Witli a rich and fruitful country the Ameri- 
cans, with the blessing of God, had every reason 
to ho23e for the greatest prosperity. 



Review III.— The War for Independence. 

What have we learned in the last thirty-four pages ? 

We have learned about the war for independence, or the 
American Revolution, as it is called. 

What caused this war ? 

The war for independence was caused by an attempt of 
the British government unjustly to tax the American 
colonies. 

Where were the first battles of the war, and how did 
they result ? 

The first battles of the war were at Concord and Lexing- 
ton, Massachusetts, in April, 1775, and the Americans 
were the victors. The next battle was at Bunker Hill, in 
June, 1775, and the British were left in possession of the 
field ; but their loss was nearly ten times as great as that 
of the Americans. 

Where was the first naval battle of the war ? 

The first naval battle was on the coast of Maine, and 
resulted in the capture of the British vessel " Margaretta " 
and two war-sloops. 

What was the first thing Washington did when he 
took command of the army ? 

The first thing Washington did when he took command 



KEVIEVV III. 93 

of the army was to force the British commander to with- 
draw his troops from Boston. 

When was the Declaration of Independence adopted ? 

The Declaration of Independence was adopted by Con- 
gress July 4th, 1776. 

What can you tell of the progress of the war ? 

The campaign in New York began with the battle of 
Long Island. The Americans were badly defeated, they 
escaped, however, to New York City, and retreated up the 
island. General Howe and the British army then occupied 
New Y^ork. Howe afterward took Fort Washington, on 
the Hudson River. 

What was the next move ? 

Washington retreated across New Jersey, and, crossing 
the Delaware River, passed into Pennsylvania. On Christ- 
mas night, 1776, recrossing the Delaware in a blinding 
snow^-storm, he surprised and captured a large body of the 
enemy at Trenton. By this and other victories Washington 
forced the British almost entirely out of New Jersey. 

How did the campaign in Pennsylvania result ? 

The Americans had no success in the Pennsylvania 
campaign. In a battle on the Brandywine River our army 
was defeated, and Howe entered Philadelphia. Then both 
armies went into winter quarters. The Americans selected 
Valley Forge for this purpose ; they suffered greatly there 
from want of food, clothing, and proper protection from 
the cold. 

What was the next move on the part of the British ? 

Bargoyne with a British army invaded New York, but 



94 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

he was met bravely by our men, and was finally forced to 
surrender with his whole army at Saratoga. 

What help did the Americans receive from Europe ? 

In 1778 France sent out a fleet to help America. This 
forced the British to leave Philadelphia and retreat to 
New York. Washington followed them, but no important 
battles occurred. 

To what part of the country did the British next turn 
their attention ? 

The British next turned their attention to the South. 
They captured Savannah and Charleston, and soon had 
possession of the entire States of Georgia and South 
Carolina. Several battles took place in which the Americans 
were defeated. Finally, General Greene was put in com- 
mand, and, after some fighting, drove the British from the 
States with the exception of Savannah and Charleston. 

How did the American navy succeed ? 

Considering its small size, the American navy did very 
well. In three years our cruisers and privateers captured 
over five hundred British vessels. 

What was the final battle of the war ? 

The last battle of the war was at Yorktown. General 
Cornwallis, who had encamped there with his army, was 
so completely surrounded by Washington and his French 
allies that he was unable to escape. He surrendered 
October 19th, 1781, and that ended the war. 

When was peace made ? 

Fighting stopped at once, after the battle of Yorktown, 
and a treaty of peace was signed at Paris, September 3d, 
1783. 



THE constitutio:n' of the united states. 95 



CHAPTER XX. 

THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. — WASH- 
INGTON THE FIRST PRESIDENT. — INDIAN TROUBLES. 
■ — RELIGIOUS CHANGES. 

1. Paying debts. — Up to the close of the Eevo- 
lutiou Congress had power to fit out ships of 
war, buy arms, make treaties, and manage all 
other business of the United States. But it had 
no right to tax the people in any way ; so, in 
order to pay the debts of the country, each 
State was asked to give its share. 

2. It was one thing, however, to ask for money 
and another to get it. The people thought it 
was enough to pay off their own State debt ; 
and when Massachusetts tried to raise money 
by taxation for her share of the national debt, 
a rebellion followed, and the military had to be 
called out to put it down. 

3. The Constitution of the United States. — Then 
the people began to see that Congress must have 
more power. A number of wise and patriotic 
men, who were appointed by the different States, 
met at Philadelphia, and, after considering many 

1 . Wliat power had Congress up to the close of the Revolu- 
tion ? What did it do in order to pay the debts of the coun- 
try ? 2. What happened when Massachusetts tried to raise 
money by taxation ? 



96 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

plans, agreed upon certain laws wliicli were 
called the Constitution of the United States. 

4. By this Constitution it was agreed that a 
President was to be elected every four years, 
and that Congress was to consist of a Senate 
composed of two members from each State, and 
a House of Representatives to which each State 
sent members according to its population. 

5. The power to make laws was given to Con- 
gress. The jDower to see that the laws are car- 
ried out was intrusted to the President. The 
power to interpret laws, that is, to say what is 
meant by them, was given to certain courts. 

6. This Constitution was agreed to by all the 
States except Rhode Island and North Carolina. 

7. Washington the first President. — The first 
election under the Constitution was held in 
January, 1789, and the choice of the country 
for President was George Washington. John 
Adams, of Massachusetts, was elected Yice- 
President. 

8. The Catholics of the United States joined 
with their fellow-citizens in lionoring Washington, 
and sent him an address expressing their pleas- 

3. What was agreed on at Pbiladelpliia by tlie men appointed 
by the different States ? 4. What was agreed upon by this 
Constitution? 5. What power was given to Congress? To 
tbe President ? To the courts ? 6. Wbat states agreed to tbis 
Constitution ? 7. Who was elected first President of the 
United States ? Who Vice-President ? 



INDIAN TROUBLES. 97 

lire at liis election, and saying tliattliey expected 
to enjoy great happiness under his administra- 
tion. 

9. In his answer to this address the President 
^ wrote : " I presume that your fellow-citizens will 

not forget the patriotic part which you took in 
the accomplishment of their Revolution and the 
establishment of their government, or the im- 
portant assistance which they received from a 
nation in which the Roman Catholic faith is pro- 
fessed." 

10. One of the first acts of Congress was 
to lay a duty on goods coming from foreign 
countries. This brought the government quite 
a large sum of money, and in a few years the 
debt of the Revolution was paid. 

11. As goods from Rhode Island and North 
Carolina would be subject to this tax, these 
colonies made haste to agree to the Constitution 
and join the Union. Thus all the original thir- 
teen colonies were in the United States. 

12. Indian troubles. — Encouraged by British 
agents, the Indians in the West from time to 
time made attacks upon the white settlers. 
Troops sent to put them down were defeated ; 
but at last General Anthony Wayne, know^n as 

8. What did the Catholics of the United States do ? 

9. What did Washington write in answer to the Catholics ? 

10. What was one of the first acts of Congress? 11. What 
did Rhode Island and North Carolina do ? 



98 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




^■/flfi 



*' Mad Antlionj," was sent against tliem, and 
puuislied the savages so severely that they were 
glad to make peace. 

13. The Catholic Church. — As there Avere no 
bishops in the United 
States, the Catholics of 
this country were un- 
der the care of a Vicar- 
Apostolic living in Lon- 
don. But in the year 

/<r^^ 1784 Pope Pius VI. ap- 
^^^ pointed Kev. John Car- 
roll Prefect - Apostolic 
of our country. He 
was a learned and patri- 
otic priest, a native of 
Maryland. Five years later he was made Bishop 
of Baltimore, and in April, 1808, Archbishop. 

14. Seminaries for the education of priests, 
colleges, convents, and schools were soon estab- 
lished. About this time, too, some Catholic 
books were published here. At first a few un- 
important ones, but in 1790- a quarto Catholic 
Bible was got up by Matthew Carey, of Philadel- 
phia. 

12. What can you say about tlie Indians in tlie West? 
What do you know of "Mad Anthony"? 13. Who was ap- 
pointed Vicar- Apostolic of our country ? What can you say 
about Rev, John Carroll ? 14. What were soon estab- 
lished? 



Archbishop Carroll. 



ADMINISTRATIONS OF WASHINGTON AND ADAMS. 99 

15. In most States persons of all religions, 
liacl equal rights ; but the English hatred of the 
Church had not quite died out, and in some 
places Catholics were not allowed to vote. 



CHAPTEE XXL 

THE ADMINISTRATIONS OF WASHINGTON AND ADAMS, 
CONTINUED. 

1. The new government organized. — Washing- 
ton took the oath of office as President in New 







.•rrr-.-^^. 



'-^ 






York City which ir&lte.U. 
was at first the cap- ^j^ ^ .;.■' giRMi-' 
ital of our country. -' tiw^ "' 

In 1790 it was de- the Capitol, Washington. 

cided that the capital should be removed for ten 
years to Philadelphia. After that it was to be in 

15. What was tlie result of the Euglisli hatred of the 
Church ? 



100 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

a new city, called Washington, on a piece of land 
ten miles square, given by the States of Virginia 
and Maryland, and known as the District of 
Columbia. It was thus independent of any State. 

2. The new city was laid out by Major I'En- 
fant ilon-fbn'), a Catholic officer who served in 
the Ke volution. The building in which Con- 
gress meets is called the Capitol. 

3. In 1792 Washington was re-elected Presi- 
dent. Under him the country was very pros- 
perous. A piece of land lying between New 
York and New Hampshire and claimed by both 
States was admitted into the Union in 1791 as 
the State of Vermont ; in 1792 the western part 
of Virginia came in as the State of Kentucky ; 
and in 1796 the western part of North Carolina, 
as the State of Tennessee. 

4. In 1789 a bloody revolution broke out in 
Prance ; the king and the queen were killed, and 
a so-called republic was established. 

5. The recall of the French minister. — England, 
Spain, and Holland went to war with France, 
and many of our people thought that we ought to 
help the latter, out of gratitude for the help 
she had given us during our war. 

1. What city became tlie first capital of our country? What 
city was finally selected ? 2. What is the building called in 
which Congress meets ? 3. What States came into the Union ? 
4. What happened in France in 1789 ? 5. What did many of 
our people think we ought to do? 



ADMINISTRATIONS OF WASHINGTON AND ADAMS. 101 

6. But it was not our quarrel, and Wasliington 
did not want us to take part in it. When France 
sent over to us a minister, or government officer, 
wlio tried to raise troops and fit out war vessels 
liere for France, the President insisted that he 
shouki be called home. 

7. A new treaty with England. — Great Britain 
still held some forts in the West, but she gave 
them to us by a treaty made in 1795. In the 
same year the boundary line between the United 
States and Louisiana and Florida, which be- 
longed to Spain, was agreed upon, and we there- 
by obtained Natchez. 

8. John Adams, second President. — As Washing- 
ton refused to serve as President for a third 
term, John Adams was chosen for that office, and 
Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, was elected Vice- 
President. Washington retired to his home at 
Mount Vernon, there to pass the rest of his days- 
in peace. 

9. At one time, while Adams was President, it 
looked as if we should have war with France ; in 
fact, fighting had alread}^ begun at sea, but, hap- 
pily, a treaty of peace was made which settled 
matters. 

6. Wliat did Wasliington do? 7. What was done by Great 
Britain in 1795? What boundary line was settled in the same 
year? 8. Who was chosen as second President? What did 
Washington do? 9. What nearly happened while Adams was 
President? 



102 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

10. Death of Washington. — On December 14tli, 
1799, George Washington died, an event which 
brought sorrow to every American heart. Con- 
gress mourned him as '' first in war, first in 
peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen," 
and in every part of our land the people met to 
express their grief. Washington was buried in 
the family vault at Mount Vernon. 



CHAPTEK XXII. 



THE ADMINISTRATIONS OF JEFFERSON AND MADISON. 



1. Jefferson, third President. — Thomas Jefferson 
was elected third Presi- 
dent and Aaron Burr, of 
New York, Vice - Presi- 
dent. They were sworn 
into office, or inaugurated 
as it is called, March 4th, 
1801. 

2. The purchase of Lou- 
isiana.— The most impor- 
thomas Jefferson. taut eveut that happened 

while Jefferson was President was the purchase 
in 1803 of Louisiana from France. This had been 




10. What sad event occurred December 14th, V 
was said in Congress of Washington? 
1. Who was the third President'? 



What 



ADMIXISTRATIONS OF JEFFERSON AND MADISON. 103 

given up to France by Spain in 1800. It cost us 
fifteen million dollars, but it included the entire 
country west of the Mississippi to the Rocky 
Mountains, a tract of land larger than all the rest 
of the United States at that time. It also secured 
to us full control of the Mississippi River. 

3. In the same year Ohio was admitted as a 
State, and Indiana and Mississippi became Ter- 
Titories. 

4. The Barbary States punished. — American ves- 
sels had suffered some years from the attacks of 
Barbary pirates, and at last our government re- 
solved to punish the offenders. A fleet was sent 
to the Mediterranean Sea, and Tviipoli (trip' o-lee)y 
one of the Barbary States, was bombarded, and 
the Pasha (pash'cni), as the Turkish governor is 
called, was forced to make peace. 

5. For a time our ships were not troubled, but 
in 1812, while we were at war with England, the 
Dey {day), or governor, of Algiers [al-jeerz'), an- 
other of the Barbary States, again began to seize 
our vessels. Commodore Decatur was sent 
against him. He captured two of the largest 
Algerine vessels, forced the Dey to come on 
board the Commodore's ship and sign a treaty, 

2. What purchase did the United States make while Jeffer- 
son was President ? What part of the country did Louisiana 
include? 3. What State and what Territories were ad- 
mitted in 1803 ? 4. What can you tell about the Barbary 
pirates ? 



104 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

made him release his prisoners, and pay for the 
damage done to our ships. Thus the Algerines 
received a lesson that taught them to respect us 
forever after. 

6. In 1804 Jefferson was re-elected President^ 
and this time George Clinton, of New York, was> 
chosen Vice-President. 

7. England and France were then at war, and 
neither nation wanted America to trade with the 
other. So England forbade American vessels to> 
enter French ports with their cargoes, and France 
forbade them to enter English j^orts. 

8. England seizes our men at sea. — Then began a 
succession of insults. Pretending that our ships 
disobeyed this order, England seized many of 
them. She also stopped others on the sea and 
took off a number of our sailors under the pre- 
tense that they were British subjects. In this 
w^ay, it is believed, she forced as many as six 
thousand American citizens into her navy. 

9. Our people were very angry at this, but 
nothing was done to stop the abuse. Finally, in. 
June, 1807, the British frigate^ " Leopard " fired 
on the American frigate " Chesapeake " when it; 
was not prepared for an attack, and carried off" 
four men who were claimed as British deserters. 

5. What did the Dey of Algiers do? Who was sent ta 
punish him ? What did Decatur do ? 6. What happened iii 
1804? 7. What did England and France do? 8. What did 
England do to our ships? 



ADMINISTRATIONS OF JEFFERSON AND MADISON. 105 

Three of these men, as was afterward proved, 
ivere American citizens. 

10. Madison, fourth President. — The time for the 
■election of a President had come round again, 
;and James Madison, of Virginia, was chosen to 
succeed Jefferson, and Clinton was again made 
Tice-President. 

11. Madison was inaugurated March 4th, 1809, 
a-nd found plenty of work on his hands, as war 
-was just about to begin. 

12. More Indian troubles. — The Indians in the 
IVest, encouraged by England and led by Te- 
'Cumseh, a great chief, went on the war-path and 
fell upon our unprotected settlers. But General 
William Henry Harrison, then governor of Indi- 
ana Territory, attacked the savages near the town 
of Tippecanoe {tip e-hd-noo'), and completely scat- 
tered them. Tecumseh afterward entered the 
British army, and was made a brigadier-general. 

13. War again with England. — England still con- 
tinued to insult us ; in fact, instead of becoming 
better she grew worse, and, at last, unable longer 
to stand her abuse, war was declared in June, 
1812. 

9. What did the "Leopard" do? 10, 11. Who was the 
fourth President? 12. What did Tecumseh and the Indians 
in the West do? 13. What happened in June, 1812? 



106 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 

CHAPTER XXIII. 

THE WAR OF 1812. 

1. The surrender of Detroit. — The war opened 
with a disgraceful defeat for the Americans. 
General Hull, governor of Michigan Territorj^, 
invaded Canada, but after some skirmishes fell 
back on Detroit. There he was followed by 
General Brock, governor of Canada. Hull was 
ordered to surrender. His men stood ready ta 
fight while a drop of blood remained in their 
veins, but without waiting to be attacked, with- 
out firing a shot at the enemy, Hull, in the most 
cowardly way, raised a white table-cloth over the 
fort as a sign that he surrendered. With tears 
streaming down their cheeks, his men begged 
him to hold out, but all in vain. Thus not only 
Detroit with all its troops, stores, and public 
property, but the whole of Michigan was sur- 
rendered to the British. 

2. Hull was afterward tried by a court-martial,, 
that is, a court composed of^ army ofiicers, and 
sentenced to be shot for cowardice ; but Presi- 
dent Madison pardoned him because he had 
served his country faithfully during the Revolu- 
tionary war. 

1. What happened at Detroit in 1812? Tell the story of 
Hull's surrender. 2. To what was Hull sentenced? Why did 
President Madison pardon him? 



THE WAR OF 1813. 107 

3. Later in the year attempts were again made 
hj tbe Americans to capture Canada, but, though 
our men showed great bravery, they were not 
successful. In these battles Lieutenant-Colonel 
Winfield Scott, who years after became general 
of our armies, distinguished himself. 

4. American victories at sea. — Our navy in the 
meanwhile was gaining many victories. On Au- 
gust 19th, 1812, the frigate " Constitution," com- 
manded by Captain Isaac Hull, as brave a sailor 
as ever lived, after a desperate fight caused the 
British frigate "Guerriere" {gare-re-yair') to 
surrendero Other naval successes followed, and 
our little navy was covered with glory. 

5. That most of our people were in favor of the 
war was shown by the re-election of President 
Madison in the fall of 1812. Elbridge Gerry of 
Massachusetts was chosen Yice-President. 

6. England had so long been called the " mis- 
tress of the seas " that defeats by a small navy 
like ours were very hard to bear. But the vic- 
tories Avere not to be all on one side. 

7. The frigate "Chesapeake" was being re- 
fitted in Boston harbor when she was challenged 
to fight by the British flag-ship " Shannon." The 
■** Chesapeake " was in no condition for battle, 

3. How did the attempt to capture Canada succeed? 4. What 
«an you tell about our navy? What happened on August 19th, 
1812? 5. W^hat was shown by the re-election of Madison? 
6. What did England find hard to bear? 



108 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

and did not liave lier full crew ; but lier com- 
mander, Captain James Lawrence, accepted tlie 
challenge. A terrible engagement followed ; 
Lawrence was mortally wounded, and the " Ches- 
ajDeake" was forced to surrender. 

8. As Lawrence was being carried from the 
deck, he cried out almost with his dying breath, 
''Don't give up the ship!" Though that com- 
mand could not be obeyed, his words were used 
as a battle-cry by our sailors and soldiers for 
years, and led to many a victory. 

9. A division of General Harrison's arni}^, 
under General "Winchester, sent against Detroit, 
was attacked by a body of British and Indians, 
and compelled to surrender. Manj^ of the 
wounded and prisoners were brutally killed by 
the Indians. 

10. In July, 1813, Fort Stephenson, at Lower 
Sandusky, Ohio, was besieged by the British, 
but its commander, Major Croghan, a brave 
young officer only twenty-two years old, forced 
the eneni}' to retreat, though he had only half 
their number of men and bit^-one cannon. 

11. Perry's victories on Lake Erie. — To drive the 
British from the lakes, of which they had con- 
trol. Commodore Oliver H. Perry fitted out nine 

7. What happened to the ' ' Chesapeake " ? 8. What were 
Lawrence's dying words? 9. What happened to the army 
under General Winchester? 10. Describe Croghan's defense 
of Fort Stephenson. 



THE WAR OF 1813. 109 

vessels on Lake Erie, and in September, 1813, 
sailed out to meet the British fleet. Then fol- 
lowed a savage fight. Peny's ship, the " Law- 
rence," was shot all to pieces, but her brave 
commander carried his flag, which bore the 
motto " Don't give up the ship," to another of 
his vessels, the " Niagara," and kept up the battle 
until the whole British fleet surrendered. 

12. Perrj sent the following modest message 
to General Harrison with the news of the vic- 
tory : "We have met the enemy, and they are 
ours." 

CHAPTER XXIV. 

THE WAR OF 1812, CONTINUED. 

1. Harrison defeats the British on the Thames. 

— The British felt that Michigan was no longer 
safe after Perry's victor}^, and retreated into 
Canada. There they were overtaken by General 
Harrison, who attacked and defeated them on the 
river Thames (femz). In this battle the Indian 
chief Tecumseh was killed. 

2. The Americans next made an attempt to in- 
vade Canada. York (now Toronto) and Fort 
George were taken, but the victories were of no 
benefit, and when General Hampton tried to 

11. Tell what you can about Perry. 12. What was Perry's 
message? 

1. What was done after Perry's victory? 



110 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

advance into Canada lie was completely de- 
feated. 

3. Chippewa and Lundy's Lane. — Our troops were 
more successful near Niagara. They captured 
Port Erie and defeated the British at Chippewa. 
Then followed a stubborn battle at Lundy's Lane 
in which both sides lost heavily and neither could 
claim the victory. 

4. The battle of Plattsburg. — In September, 
1814, an English army fourteen thousand strong 
and a fleet advanced upon Plattsburg, on Lake 
Champlain. There they were stopped by General 
Macomb {ma-koom') with less than three thousand 
men and a small fleet under Commodore Mac- 
donough (mahchin^uh). 

5. While Macomb kept the British army en- 
gaged, Macdonough attacked their fleet, and 
Avith such success that in two hours' time all their 
vessels had either hauled down their flags or 
were running away as fast as wind and sail would 
carry them. 

6. Washington captured and burned. — In Au- 
gust, 1814, a British fleet of^fty or sixty vessels 
entered Chesapeake Bay, sailed up the Potomac 
Biver, and landed an army of five thousand men. 
This entered Washington and burned the Capitol, 

2. Wliat was the result of Hampton's advance into Canada? 
3. What was the result of the battle at Fort Erie? At Lundy's 
Lane? 4. What took place at Plattsburg, on Lake Champlain? 
5. What success had Macdonough? 



THE WAR OF 1812. 



Ill 



tlie President's house, and other public buikl- 



7. The attack on Baltimore. — Then the British 
sailed to Baltimore, and while their armj pre- 
pared to attack that place, the fleet attempted 
the capture of Fort McHenry, which commanded 
the entrance to the city. All day and all one 
night shot and shell were fired at the fort ; but 
finding their efforts useless, the enemy re- 
embarked and sailed away. 

8. It was during the bombardment of Fort 
McHenry that Francis S. Key, who was a pris- 
oner on the 

British fleet, 
wrote the fa- 
mous song "The 
Star-Spangled 
Banner." 

9. The British 
at New Orleans. 
— England now 
determined t o 
strike a blow at 
New Orleans. 
In December, 
1814, a British fleet carrying twelve thousand 




Cotton-bale Defenses at New Orleans. 



6. What did the British fleet do in August, 1814? 7. What 
can you tell of the attack on Fort McHenry? 8. What famous 
song was written at that time? 9, 10. What happened at New 
Orleans ? 



112 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

men entered Lake Borgne (horn), and captured a 
small American naval force. 

10. Then the army was landed about nine 
miles from New Orleans, and prepared to attack 
the city. But General Andrew Jackson was 
there, and he was not the man to surrender 
without a fight. 

11. As rapidly as possible he threw up de- 
fenses of earth and cotton-bales, and posted his 
men behind them. 

12. On January 8th, 1815, the British began 
the attack. Jackson did not waste his powder ; 
he waited till the Englishmen were close, and 
then fired a deadly volley at them. Officers and 
men were shot down, and though the British 
tried hard to carry the American works, they 
were driven back in confusion. Their loss was 
two thousand men, while our side lost only 
thirteen. 

13. A grand Te Deum was sung in the New 
Orleans cathedral in thanksgiving for the victory. 

14. Peace. — There was now a general wish for 
peace, especially in the New England States. 
In fact, the war had never been popular with 
them, and they even threatened to leave the 
Union and join Canada. 

15. In February the news reached here that a 

12. How did Jackson receive the Britisli? 13. What was 
done in the New Orleans cathedral? 14. What did New Eng- 
land want? What had she threatened to do? 



MONROE AND JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. 113 

treaty of peace had been signed in Europe in 
December, 1814, so that the battle of New Or- 
leans was fought when the two nations were not 
at war. 

16. Though business suffered during the war, 
the country continued to grow. Louisiana be- 
came a State in 1812, and Indiana in 1816. 

17. At the election in the fall of 1816, James 
Monroe, of Virginia, was chosen President and 
Daniel D. Tompkins, of New 1 ork, Vice-President. 



CHAPTER XXV. 

THE ADMINISTKATIONS OF MONROE AND 
JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. 

1. Immigration. — The long wars in Europe 
caused great distress among the people there, 
and thousands came over to this country. This 
helped business here : factories were established, 
mines were worked, and new settlements were 
formed in the West. 

2. The first steamboat. — In the year 1807 Robert 
Eulton, a native of Pennsylvania, built the 
" Clermont," the first successful steamboat. This 
was another step toward improving business. 

15. When was a treaty of peace signed? 16. When did 
Louisiana and Indiana become States? 17. Who was elected 
President in 1816? 

1. What brought many people here from Europe? 



114 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




On its first trip the new boat ran up tlie Hudson 

River to Al- 
bany in tliirtv- 
six hours; 
whereas, by the 
old way of 
sailing vessels, 
the journey 
took a week or 

Fulton's First Steamboat. more. 

3. Another improvement was the opening of 
the Erie Canal. This united Lake Erie with the 
Hudson River, and the wheat, corn, and other 
productions of the West could thereby be sent 
cheaply to New York City. 

4. Purchase of Florida. — Florida still belonged 
to Spain, but the United States bought it in 1819, 
though it was not given up to us till two years 
later. By this purchase St. Augustine, which 
was founded in 1565 and is the oldest city on 
our coast, came into the United States. 

5. In 1820 Missouri asked for admission as 
a State. At one time negru^slavery existed in 
nearly all the States, but it was gradually done 
away with till it remained only in Maryland and 
at the South. 

2. What can you tell about the first steamboat? 3. What 
about the Erie Canal? 4. Tell what you can about Florida. 
5. What did Missouri ask for in 1820? What can you tell 
about negro slavery? 



MONROE AND JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. 115 

6. The " Missouri Compromise." — Therefore, when 
Missouri aj^plied for admission to the Union a 
dispute arose in Congress whether it shoukl 
come in as a slave State or not. Finally Henry 
Clay, a great statesman, suggested that it should 
be admitted as a slave State, but that in future 
all land north of its southern line should be free» 
This was agreed upon aud is known as the 
*' Missouri Compromise." 

7. In the same year Maine was admitted to 
the Union. 

8. The "Monroe Doctrine/'— In 1820 Presi- 
dent Monroe and Vice-President Tompkins were 
re-elected. During their second term there 
was talk of Spain reconquering some of the 
South American republics, but President Mon- 
roe declared that the United States would 
not permit any foreign nation to gain power 
in America. This is what is known as the " Mon- 
roe Doctrine," and was approved by the whole 
country, and has ever since been upheld by our 
government. 

9. John Quincy Adams, sixth President. — John 
Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts, and John C. 
Calhoun, of South Carolina, were next chosen 
as President and Vice-President. No events of 

6. What dispute arose in Congress about Missouri ? How was 
it settled ? By what name is the agreement known ? 7. What 
other new State was added to the Union in 1820? 8. What is 
known as the " Monroe Doctrine " ? 



116 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UN^ITED STATES. 

any importance happened during their term of 
office. 

10. On July 4th, 1825, John Adams and 
Thomas Jefferson died. Both had signed the 
Declaration of Independence, fifty years before, 
and each had been President of the United 
States. 

11. Railroads. — About 1826 attempts were made 
to introduce steam railroads here. Steam had 
been successfully used for railroads in England 
by George Stephenson in 1814. 

12. In 1828 Charles Carroll of Carrollton, 
then over ninety years of age, broke ground for 
the building of a railroad which was to run out 
of Baltimore. This very road afterward became 
part of the Baltimore and Ohio Bailroad. 

13. In the year 1831 the Mohawk and Hudson 
Bailroad, New York, began to carry passengers. 
Gradually other railroads were built, and a new 
and quicker means of travel took the place of 
slow-going wagons and stage-coaches. 

14. A protective tariff. — In the year 1818 Con- 
gress passed the first protective tariff. It came 
about in this way. The people at the North and 
in the Eastern States, who were manufacturing 
goods of various kinds, found that similar goods 
could be brought from Europe and sold cheaper 

9. Who was tlie sixth President? 10. What two distin- 
guished men died July 4th, 1825? 11-13. What can you tell 
about the attempts to introduce steam railroads here? 



ADMINISTRATION'S OF JACKSON AND VAN BUREN. 117 

than the home-made articles. To protect them 
a tariff or tax, called duty, was placed on foreign 
goods, so that they could not be brought to this 
country and sold for less than goods made here. 

15. As the South did jjot manufacture, her 
people were opposed to this tariff. So were 
many others of our citizens, and the question of 
protection or tariff- tax and free-trade or no tariff- 
tax has ever since been a disputed one. 

16. How our country had grown may be seen 
from the fact that instead of thirteen States we 
now had twenty-four, and our population, which 
at the beginning of Washington's term of office 
was about four millions, had increased to ten 
millions. 



CHAPTEE XXYI. 

THE ADMINISTRATIONS OF JACKSON AND VAN BUREN. 

1. Jackson, seventh President. — General Andrew 
Jackson, of Tennessee, was chosen as the seventh 
President, and served for two terms. He was a 
firm patriot, fearless, and a man of strong will. 

2. In 1832 Congress passed a new tariff bill 
which greatly displeased the South. South Caro- 
lina prepared to resist the collection of duties, 

14, 15. Tell what you can about protection and free-trade. 
16. How had our country grown? 

1. What can you say of the seventh President? 



118 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




Andrew Jackson. 



or tariff-tax, and even threatened to leave the 
Union if tlie law was carried out. 

3. Jackson's firmness. — For a time it looked 
as if there might be bloodshed. But Jackson's 

firmness saved the 
country. Although he 
did not like the tariff 
bill himself, he declared 
it must be obeyed, be- 
cause it was the law, and 
sent General Scott to 
Charleston with orders 
to see that it was obeyed. 
Not long after, Henry 
Clay, who was the great 
peace-maker, succeeded in settling the difficulty, 
for the time, by arranging to have the duties 
gradually reduced. 

4. Indian wars. — Serious trouble with the In- 
dians arose during Jackson's term of office. The 
government had made an arrangement by which 
a number of Indian tribes were to remove to 
lands west of the Mississippi River. 

5. The Seminole Indians of Florida agreed to 
this, but when the time came to move they re- 
fused to go. The government tried to force them 
away, and a war followed. It lasted several 

2. What did Soutli Carolina do when the new tariff bill was 
passed? 3. What did the President do? How did Henry Clay- 
settle the difficulty? 4, 5. What Indian troubles arose ? 



ADMINISTRATIONS OF JACKSON AND VAN BUREN. 11*J 



years, and cost many lives and millions of dol- 
lars. 

6. Tlie growth of the Catholic Church in the 
United States was in proportion to that of 
the country. New dioceses were formed, and 
churches, colleges, schools, and asylums were 
built. 

7. The first Provincial Council.— In 1829 the 
Catholic bishops of the United States met for 
the first time in a Provincial Council at Balti- 
more. There were present one archbishop, five 
bishops, and one administrator, and wise regula- 
tions were adopted. 

8. On November 10th, 1832, the Church and the 
country met with a great loss 
in the death of Charles Carroll 
of Carrollton, the last surviving 
signer of the Declaration of 
Independence. 

9. The increase of churches 
and Catholic institutions " 
aroused the hate of some ig- J 
norant people, and this caused \, 
a sad result. 

10. Anti-Catholic feeling. — On 

the night of August 11th, 1834, Charles Carroll. 

a mob from Boston and Charlestown, Massachu- 

6, 7. Tell what you can of the growth of the Church. 8. With 
what loss did the Church and country meet in November, 1833 ? 
9. What feeling did the growth of the Church arouse ? 




120 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UJn^ITED STATES. 

setts, attacked a fine Ursuline convent and acad- 
emy at Charlestown, drove out the helpless 
ladies and children, and burned the buildings to 
the ground. No one was ever punished for the 
crime, nor has the State of Massachusetts ever 
paid for the loss. 

11. Arkansas {ar'kan-saiv) was admitted as a 
State in 1836, and Michigan also became a State 
in 1837. 

12. Van Buren, eighth President. — In the election 
of 1836 Martin Yan Buren, of New York, was 
chosen President, and Colonel Eichard M. John- 
son, of Kentucky, Yice-President. When Yan 
Buren came into office business was in a verj^ bad 
condition. Merchants and banks failed, factories 
and mills stopped, thousands of men were thrown 
out of work, and even the government found it 
hard to pay its debts. Fortunatel}^ the country 
recovered, business began again, and the " Panic 
of '37," as it is called, was over. 

13. Texas an independent republic. — Serious 
trouble occurred in what is now the State of 
Texas. That territory belonged to the republic 
of Mexico, but was largely settled by people from 
the United States, who had obtained grants of 
land there. They did not like many of the 

10. What happened at Charlestown on the night of August 
11th, 1834? 11. What new State was admitted in 1836? Who 
was elected President that year? 13. In what condition was 
business when Van Buren came into office? 



HARRISOI^, TYLER, AND POLK. 121 

Mexican laws, and in 1835 rebelled and declared 
Texas an independent republic. 

14. Of course Mexico would not part so 
easily with lier property, and sent troops to put 
down the rebellion. Several battles were fought, 
and on April 21st, 1836, an army led by General 
Santa Anna, President of Mexico, was defeated 
by a body of Texaus commanded by General 
Samuel Houston (Jiuston), and Santa Anna him- 
self was taken prisoner. Then the United States 
acknowledged Texas as an independent republic. 

CHAPTEK XXYII. 

THE ADMINISTRATIONS OF HARRISON, TYLER, AND 
POLK. 

1. William Henry Harrison, ninth President. — 
General William Henry Harrison, the hero of 
Tippecanoe, was next elected President, with 
John Tyler, of Virginia, as Vice-President. 

2. Tyler, tenth President. — President Harrison 
died one month after he became President. By 
the laws of the United States, when a President 
dies in office, the Vice-President takes his place 
and serves out his term. On the death of Harri- 
son, Tyler, therefore, became President. 

13. Tell what you can of matters in Texas. 14. What took 
place on April 21st, 1886 ? 

1. Who was next elected President? 2. How long was Har- 
rison President ? 



122 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

3. Tyler refused to sign a bill for restoring the 
United States Bank, whicli was to have charge 
of all the public money. This displeased the 
party that elected him, and, in consequence, all 
his cabinet, or heads of the different departments 
of the government, resigned, except Daniel Web- 
ster, who was Secretary of State. 

4. Trouble in Rhode Island. — Although so many 
changes had taken place in the country, the State 
of Rhode Island was still governed by the old 
charter granted by King Charles II. Under this 
charter only those persons who owned a certain 
amount of property could vote. 

5. Some of the people who were opposed to 
this called a convention and elected Thomas W. 
Dorr governor. This was declared illegal, and 
troops had to be sent to Ehode Island to restore 
order. A new constitution was finally adopted, 
and went into effect in May, 1843. 

6. Before the close of Tjder's term of office 
Florida and Iowa became States, and the republic 
of Texas was also admitted to the Union. 

7. The "Native American" riots. — About 1842 
the Catholics of New York City tried to bring 
about a change in the management of the public 
schools. This revived the old hatred against 
Catholics, and the *' Native Americans," a party 

3. How did Tyler displease his party ? What was the con- 
sequence? 4, 5. Tell about the trouble in Rhode Island. 6. 
What new States were admitted ? 



HARRISON, TYLER, AND POLK. 



123 




Archbishop Hughes. 



opposed to foreigners and to Catholics, was 
formed. 

8. Riots folloAved in Philadelphia ; churches 
and dwelling-houses were 
destroyed, and many per- 
sons were killed. A riot was 
also threatened in New York, 
but was prevented by the 
courage and exertions of 
Bishop, afterward Arch- 
bishop, Hughes. 

9. The first telegraphic 
message. — Samuel F. B. 
Morse, of Charlestown, 
Massachusetts, the inven- 
tor of the electric telegraph, had set up and 
worked a wire as far back as 1835, but it was not 
until 1844 that the first telegraph line was built. 
This was between Washington and Baltimore, 
and the first public message sent over its wires 
was the news that James K. Polk of Tennessee 
had been nominated, or named, for President. 

10. Polk, eleventh President. — War with Mexico. 
—Polk was elected, and was hardly seated in 
the White House when war began with Mexico. 
The government of that country had always 
claimed Texas as part of its territory. Besides, 

7, What aroused the old hatred against Catholics ? 8. What 
followed? How was a riot prevented in New York ? 9. What 
was invented about this time? What was the first public 
message sent by telegraph ? 



124 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UI^ITED STATES. 

there was a dispute as to what was the right 
boundary between Mexico and Texas. Mexico 
chiimed the Nueces {nivay'sez) River as the divid- 
ing line, while the United States said it was the 
Eio Grande {ree'o gran'day). Mexico refused to 
admit this, and President Polk sent General 
Zachary Taylor with a small army to take the 
strip of land between the two rivers. 

11. Two battles took place, one at Palo Alto, 
the other at Resaca de la Palma {ray-sah'kah day 
lah pal'mah), in both of which Taylor was victori- 
ous. These were followed by the battle of Mon- 
terey {mon-teh-ray') in Sej^tember, 1846, and of 
Buena Vista ipivay'nah 
vees'tali) in February, 1847, 
two desperate fights in 
which Taylor again won 
the victory. 

12. Scott, commander-in- 
chief. — In the meantime 
General Winfield Scott, 
who had been appointed 
commanjler-in-chief, land- 
ed with an army of twelve 
General winfield Scott, tliousaud men near Vera 
Cruz {vd'rali krooth), and after a furious bom- 




10. What war broke out during Polk's term? What did 
Mexico claim was the boundary between Mexico and Texas ? 
What did the United States claim ? What was the result ? 
11, What battles took place in Mexico? 



HARRISON, TYLER, AND POLK. 



125 



bardmeiit captured that cit}- . He then pressed 
forward in his march to the city of Mexico. 

13. New Mexico and California captured. ^ — In the 
meanwhile other expeditions sent against Mexico 
were successfuL An army under General Kear- 




ney {kar'nee) captured New 
Mexico without a battle, 
and California surrendered 

Scott Entering Mexico. 

to Colonel Fremont and 

an American fleet under Commodore Stockton. 

14. At Cerro Gordo Scott was met by Santa 
Anna, but that general was soon put to flight with a 
loss of about a thousand men and all his artillery. 

12. Wliat did General Scott do? 13, What other expeditions 
were sent against Mexico ? 14. What took place at Cerro Gordo ? 



126 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UN^ITED STATES. 

15. The city of Mexico taken. — Scott again de- 
feated the Mexicans at San Antonio and at Cliu- 
rubusco {cJioo-roo-boos'ho) ; lie then pushed for- 
ward and attacked Chapultepec {chah-pool-te-pek'\ 
the strongest defence of the city of Mexico, and 
carried it by assault. 

16. Seeing that all hope of saving the city was 
gone, Santa Anna fled with what remained of his 
army, and on September 14th, 1847, General 
Scott entered the city of Mexico with his army, 
and raised the Stars and Stripes. 

17. A treaty of peace. — A treaty was signed the 
following year by which Mexico gave Texas, New 
Mexico, and Upper California to the United 
States, and in return received fifteen million 
dollars. 

18. Both New Mexico and California were first 
settled by the Spaniards, and Catholic mission- 
aries labored in all the Indians towns, converting 
the natives and bringing them to the Faith. 

19. In New Mexico the Franciscan Fathers at- 
tended to both whites and Indians. In Califor- 
nia the Jesuits were the fir^ missionaries, but 
when their Order was suppressed the Franciscans 
took up the good work. 

20. Father Junipero Serra established missions 

15. What otlier victories were gained by Scott ? 16. On 
what day did Scott enter the city of Mexico ? 17. What ar- 
rangement was made by the treaty of 1848 ? How much did 
we pay for Texas, New Mexico, and California ? 



HARRISON, TYLER, AND POLK. 



127 



wliicli spread over a great part of Upper Califor- 
nia. These missions continued nntil Mexico 






became free from Spain ; then 
the missionaries were driven ^!.-n .j> 
away, and their buildings, "^sg^'V^Ff 
lands, and other property were 
seized by the government. 

21. Gold discovered in 
California. — Soon after 
the Mexican War some 
men who were diggiuj 
a mill-race for a saw- 
mill in the Sacra- 
mento Yalley, Cali 
fornia, found 
some gold in the' 
ground. A fur- 
ther search^^ 
showed more, 
and the news ^ 
spread like wild 
fire. ^ 

22. Great numbers 
of people, young and 
old, rich and poor, ^"~~ 

hurried to the place washing Gold in California. 

from all parts of the United States and from 
foreign countries. Farmers left their fields and 

18-20. Tell what you know about New Mexico and Cali- 
fornia. 21. How was gold discovered in California? 




128 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

workmen tlieir slio^^s, anxious to get to California 
and there gain fortunes. 

23. At first the gokl in the streams was looked 
for, and when that was used up rocks Avere 
blasted in the search for the precious metal, and 
regular mining began. 



CHAPTEK XXYIII. 

THE ADMIKISTEATIONS OF TAYLOR, FILLMORE, 
AND PIERCE. 

1. Taylor, twelfth President. — General Zachary 
Tajdor, or "Rough and Ready," as he was called, 
whose victories in Mexico had made him popular, 
was elected the twelfth President, in 1848, with 
Millard Fillmore, of New York, as Vice-Presi- 
dent. 

2. Fillmore, thirteenth President. — After serving 
sixteen months as President, Taylor died, July 
9th, 1850, and Fillmore became President. 

3. The " Compromise Bill." — The most impor- 
tant event during Fillmore'sjfcerm of office was the 
passage of what is known as the " Compromise 
Bill." By this bill California was admitted as a 
free State into which slavery was never to be 
introduced. Utah and New Mexico were made 

22, 23. What followed the discovery ? 

1. Who was the twelfth President? 2. How long was 
Tavlor President ? Who was the thirteenth President ? 



TAYLOR, FILLMORE, AND PIERCE. 129 

Territories, without anytliing being said about 
slaveiy ; the buying and selling of slaves in the 
District of Columbia was forbidden, but slavery 
was allowed ; and slaves escaping into a free State 
were to be given up to their masters. 

4. This bill was the work of Henry Clay, and 
it was hoped it would settle the slavery question. 
Both Clay and Daniel Webster, the greatest 
statesmen of their time in this country, died in 
1852. 

5. Pierce, fourteenth President. — Franklin Pierce, 
of New Hampshire, was chosen as the fourteenth 
President. While he was in office our govern- 
ment bought of Mexico some lands which were 
afterward formed into the Territory of Arizona. 

6. Kansas and Nebraska now wanted to come 
into the Union, and the question was whether 
they should be admitted as free States or as 
slave States. 

7. Trouble in Kansas. — It was decided that the 
people in each State at the time of admission 
should settle that. Then bands of armed men 
from the North and the South hurried to Kansas, 
and in the struggle for possession lives and prop- 
erty were destroyed. This civil war continued 

3. What was the " Compromise Bill"? 4. Whose work was 
it ? What two statesmen died in 1852 ? 5. Who was the four- 
teenth President? What lands did our government buy of 
Mexico? 6. What was the question about admitting Kansas 
and Nebraska as States ? 



130 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

during the greater part of ^Ye years, till the 
United States government interfered and restored 
peace. In the end, Kansas was admitted as a 
free State. 

8. The " Know-Nothing " riots. — The enemies of 
the Church never sleep, it is said, and in 1852 a 
new political party, called the " Know-Nothing," 
or American party, was formed. Its object was 
to exclude Catholics from office, business, and, as 
far as possible, from all rights as citizens. Dur- 
ing the short time this party lasted it did much 
harm. 

9. Street preachers tried to stir up the people 
against their Catholic fellow-citizens ; riots took 
place, and many persons were killed. 

10. Father Bapst, a Jesuit, who lived at Ells- 
worth, Maine, was tarred and feathered, and 
Catholic churches were destroyed in New Hamp- 
shire, Maine, and New Jersey. A church at 
Williamsburgh, New York, was attacked by a 
mob and set on fire, and in Louisville, Kentucky, 
a number of houses occupied by Catholics were 
burned, and more than twenty persons living in 
them perished in the flames or were shot by the 
rioters. 

7. How was it decided? What was the result? 8, 9. Tell 
about the "Know-Nothing" trouble. 10. What was done 
during the riots? 



THE ADMINISTRATION OF BUCHANAN. 131 



CHAPTER XXIX. 

THE ADMINISTEATION OF BUCHANAN AND THE 
ELECTION OF LINCOLN. 

1. Buchanan, fifteenth President. — In the election 
of 1856 James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, was 
chosen President. Two years later Minnesota 
was admitted into the Union, and in 1859 Oregon, 
both as free States. 

2. The"Dred Scott decision." — Two days after 
Buchanan came into office the Supreme Court of 
the United States decided that a slave-owner 
might take his slaves into any State of the Union. 
This is known as the "Dred Scott decision," and 
increased the bitter feeling between the North 
and the South. 

3. John Brown in Virginia. — This feeling was 
still more increased when John Brown attempted 
in October, 1859, to free the slaves in Virginia. 
With a party of about twenty men, whites and 
negroes. Brown seized the United States arsenal 
at Harper's Ferry, Virginia, and proclaimed 
freedom to all the slaves in the neighborhood. 
He was soon overpowered, however, by govern- 
ment troops, several of his band were killed, and 

1. Who was the fifteenth President? What new States 
were admitted ? 2. What is the " Dred Scott decision " ? 



132 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. 



Brown and six of his men were tried, convicted, 
and hanged. 

4. The number of our citizens w^ho were op- 
posed to the extension of slavery had gradually 
increased, and they formed a new political body 
which they called the Kepublican party. When 
the time came for the election in 1860, this party 
chose Abraham Lincoln as its candidate, and he 
w^as elected. 

5. Abraham Lincoln, sixteenth President. — The 
newdy-elected President 
w^as born in Kentucky, 
February 12th, 1809. 
His family were jDoor, 
hard - working people. 
In 1816 they moved to 
I ndiana, and some years 
^fter to Illinois. There 
the future President 
helped his father to 

build the cabin which was to be their home, and 
afterward split the rails to fence in their farm. 
It was from this last fact thai he was sometimes 
spoken of as the " Railsplitter." He went to 
school onl}^ one year, but he studied wdien his 
day's work was done, and would often sit up half 
the night reading by the light of the fire. AVhen 

3. Tell about John Brown's attempt to free the slaves. 
4. What new party was formed ? Who was elected President 
by the Republican party? 




Abraham Lincoln. 



REVIEAV IV. 135 

he Avas tAveuty-fiye years old he began to study 
law, and a few years later opened a law office in 
Sprmgfield, Illinois. Then by his courage, in- 
dustry, and honesty he reached the highest 
office in Illinois, his adopted State, and, finally^ 
the first office in the United States. 



Review IV.~The Close of the Revolution Ta 
THE Election of Lincoln. 

What followed the close of the Revolution ? 

At the close of the Revolution a Constitution, or set of 
laws for the government of the country, was adopted. 

Who was the first President ? 

George Washington was elected first President. 

What was the most important event of Washington's 
Presidency ? 

The most important event of Washington's Presidency 
was the payment, in great part, of the debt of the country. 

In what case did Washington show his wisdom ? 

Washington showed his wisdom by preventing another 
war with England. 

What important events happened under Jefferson ? 

Under Jefferson (1) the United States in 1803 bought 
Louisiana from France. This new territory was larger than 
all the United States at that time. (2) The pirates of the 
Barbary States were conquered; and (3) the first successful 
steamboat was built. 

5, Tell what you know about Abraham Lincoln. 



134 PRIMAKY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

What happened in 1812 ? 

In 1812 another war broke out with England. This was 
caused by her stopping our vessels at sea, and carrying off 
such men as she claimed were British subjects. The war 
put a stop to this, and resulted in favor of the United 
States. 

What were the important events under Monroe ? 

Under Monroe (1) the " Missouri Compromise" and (2) 
the " Monroe Doctrine " were agreed upon. 

What were the principal events of John Quincy 
Adams' Presidency? 

The principal events of John Quincy Adams' Presidency 
were (1) the opening of the Erie Canal, and (2) the build- 
ing of the first passenger railroad in the United States. 

What were the principal events under Jackson and 
Van Buren ? 

The principal events under Jackson and Van Buren were 

(1) the settling, for a time, of the tariff trouble in South 
Carolina ; (2) the bad condition of business, or the " panic " 
of 1837 ; and (3) the separation of Texas from Mexico. 

What happened under Tyler ? 

Under Tyler (1) Texas was admitted to the Union, and 

(2) bloody riots were caused by the "Native American" 
party. 

What war occurred while Polk was President ? 

While Polk was President a war broke out with Mexico, 
in which the United States was victorious. It resulted in 
our gaining California and New Mexico. Gold was dis- 
covered in California soon after, and crowds of people 
hurried there. 



THE CIVIL WAK. 135 

What other matters of importance happened up to the 
close of Buchanan's Presidency ? 

From the close of the Mexican war to the end of Buch- 
anan's Presidency there was more or less trouble about the 
question of slavery. Finally, the party opposed to the in- 
crease of slavery gained strength, and elected Abraham 
Lincoln President. 

CHAPTER XXX. 

THE CIVIL WAE. 

1. State-rights. — The South claimed that the 
United States was only a partnership of States 
from which any State might ivithdra^v if it saw 
fit. This is what is known as the " State-rights 
Doctrine." 

2. When Lincoln was elected, many of the 
people of the South believed that slavery would 
be done away wdth. As their slaves formed a 
great part of their wealth, they decided to leave 
the United States, or secede, as it is called, and 
form an independent government. 

3. Secession. — South Carolina took the first step 
toward this, and on December 20th, 1860, at a 
State meeting, declared that the State seceded 
from the Union. 

1. What do you understand by the " State-rights Doctrine "? 
2. What did the people of the South fear when Lincoln Avas 
elected? What did they decide to do? 3. What did South 
Carolina do in December, 1860? 



136 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

4. Her lead was followed by Georgia, Missis- 
sippi, Florida, Alabama, Louisiana,^ and Texas, 
and by February 1st, 1861, the seven " Cotton 
States," as they are called, had declared them- 
selves independent and out of the Union. 

5. The State government of South Carolina 
seized the custom-house and other United States 
property in the neighborhood, except Fort Sum- 
ter in Charleston harbor. Major Eobert Ander- 
son with a force of eighty men had suddenly 
and quietly taken possession of that for the na- 
tional government. 

6. President Buchanan did not believe that the 
seceding States had a right to leave the Union, 
but at the same time he did not believe he had 
the right to make them stay in. Besides, he 
feared to do anything that might begin a war, so 
he merely sent the " Star of the West," an un- 
armed steamer, with men and provisions to Fort 
Sumter. The steamer was fired on by batteries 
from the Charleston shore, and forced to turn 
back. 

7. The Confederate States.— =In February, 1861, 
representatives of the seceding States met at 
Montgomery, Alabama, and formed a union 
which they called- the Confederate States. Laws 
similar to ours were adopted, and Jefferson Davis, 

4. Wliicli States followed her lead? By what name are 
these States known? 5. What property did South Carolina 
seize? 6. What did President Buchanan do? 



THE CIVIL WAR. 



137 



who liad been United States senator from Missis- 
sippi, was cliosen President. 

8. So matters stood wlien on March 4th, 1861, 
Abraham Lincoln took the oath of office as 
President of the United States. 

9. Firing on Fort Sumter. — Like Buchanan, 
Lincohi believed that no State had the right to 




Firing on Fort Sumter. 

secede, but, besides, he believed it was his duty 
to see that they did not withdraw from the Union, 
and to recover the forts, arsenals, and other 

7. What was done at Montgomery in February, 1861 ? Who 
was chosen President of the Confederate States? 8. When did 
Lincoln take the oath of office? 



138 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

property of the United States that the seceding 
States had unlawfully taken. 

10. He, therefore, sent men and arms to Major 
Anderson, but before they reached him the Con- 
federate troops around Charleston began to fire 
on Fort Sumter. Anderson held out bravely for 
thirty-four hours, but as no help reached him 
then, he surrendered, April 14tli, 1861. 

11. When the gallant major marched out, he 
took with him the flag that had waved over 
the fort, and four years afterward he had the 
happiness of hoisting the same flag over the ruins 
of Sumter. 

12. The news of the firing on Fort Sumter 
caused great excitement at the North, and the 
people of both political parties wanted the insult 
to our government avenged. 

13. The call for volunteers. — It was now certain 
there would be war, and President Lincoln called 
for volunteers to do the lighting. Thousands in 
the Northern States at once offered their services. 
What are called tlie "border States," that is, 
Yirginia, North Carolina, T-eiinessee, Missouri, 
and Arkansas, refused to furnish troops, and 
Maryland and Delaware hesitated. 

9. What did Lincoln believe? 10. What did he do? When 
•did Fort Sumter surrender? 11. What did Major Anderson take 
with him on leaving the fort? 12. What did the firing on Fort 
Sumter cause at the North? 13. What did President Lincoln 
call for? With what result? Which are the "border States " ? 



THE CIVIL WAR. 139 

14. Davis, as President of the Confederate 
States, also called for volunteers, and lie, too, got 
tliem by tlie thousands. 

15. Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and 
Arkansas declared themselves in favor of the 
Confederacy, and though Maryland did not leave 
the Union, it was not friendly to the government. 
The State government of Missouri was in favor of 
secession, but the camp of the militia which the 
governor called out was captured by United States 
troops and the State was saved to the Union. 

16. Eichmond, Virginia, was made the capital 
of the Confederate States, and around there the 
Southern army assembled. The Northern troops 
gathered about Washington. 

17. "On to Richmond." — General Scott was 
commander-in-chief of the United States forces, 
but was too old to lead in person. When the 
])eople of the North set up the cry of " On to 
Kichmond," meaning that that city should be 
captured, Scott ordered the Union army, under 
command of General McDow^ell, to move toward 
Manassas Junction, Virginia. There General 
Beauregard {ho're-gard) was stationed with about 
thirty thousand Confederates. 

14. What did Davis do? 15. What States declared them- 
selves in favor of the Confederacy? What did Maryland do? 
What happened in Missouri? 16. What city was made the 
capital of the Confederate States? 17. To what place did 
Oeneral McDowell move? 



140 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 

18. The battle of Bull Run.— The two armies 
met at Bull Eun on Sunday, July 21st, 1861. At 
first the Union army was successful, but just 
when it seemed that it must be victorious a fresh 
body of Confederates arrived, the Union men 
were defeated, and fled, frightened and in dis- 
order, toward Washington. 

19. McClellan in command.— This was the first 
important battle of the war. The j^eople of the 
North were not discouraged by their defeat. 
They understood that a great Avar was before 
them, and to carry it on half a million more 
volunteers were called for and five hundred 
million dollars were raised. General Scott re- 
tired from command of the army, and General 
George B. McClellan was appointed in his 
place. 

20. The war in Missouri. — The friends of the 
South in Missouri still hoped to force that State 
into the Confederacy, and many battles were 
fought on its soil. The Union forces were defeated 
at Carthage, and again at Wilson's Creek. Colonel 
James A. Mulligan with twix^ thousand of the 
Chicago Irish Brigade was compelled to surrender 
after a gallant fight, and General Ulysses S. 
Grant was attacked and beaten at Belmont. It 

18. Where and when did the two armies meet ? What was 
the result of the battle of Bull Run? 19. How many volunteers 
were called for, and how much money was raised? Who was 
appointed in place of Scott? 



THE CIVIL WAR. 



141 



was this battle that first brought General Grant 
to notice. Missouri never left the Union. 

21. A blockade declared. 
— Just after the war be- 
gan, President Lincoln 
declared a blockade of 
all the Southern ports, 
that is, he stationed war- 
vessels near every port 
to prevent any other ves- 
sels going in or out. 
Thus the South was una- 
ble to receive arms, cloth- 
ing, or food from foreign countries. 

22. It was feared that England and France 
might recognize the South, that is, admit it to be 
a separate and independent nation. To prevent 
this our government selected Thurlow Weed, a 
statesman of experience, and Archbishop Hughes 
of New York, and sent them to Europe. Their 
errand proved successful. 




Ulysses S. Grant. 



20. Tell what happened in Missouri. 21. What did Lincoln 
declare? 22. What was done to prevent England and France 
from recognizing the South? 



142 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

CHAPTER XXXI. 

THE BATTLES OF 1862. 

1. The Confederate lines in tlie West reached 
from Belmont, Missouri, to Cumberland Gap, 
Kentucky. The Mississippi Eiver, also, for 
almost its entire length was in possession of the 
South, and its banks were lined with strong 
batteries. 

2. This gave the Confederates a double advan- 
tage, for it prevented United States boats from 
passing up and down the river, and it made it 
easy for the Southern States to procure a plenti- 
ful supply of beef from Texas. 

3. Capture of Fort Henry. — Part of the plan of 
the war laid out by the Union generals was to 
drive the Confederates from the Mississippi. 
One step toward this was the capture of Fort 
HeDry, on the Tennessee River, by a fleet of gun- 
boats under command of Commodore Foote. 

4. The capture of Fort Donelson. — Then General 
Grant, with the help of Foote's fleet, attacked 
Fort Donelson, a strong spot on the Cumberland 
River, Tennessee, and after three days' hard 

1. Where did the Confederate lines reach in the West? 
2. What advantage did the possession of the Mississippi give 
the South? 3. What was the plan of the Union generals? 
Who captured Fort Henry? 



THE BATTLES OF 1862. 



143 



fighting captured it with about fifteen thousand 
men. When General Buckner, who was in com- 
mand of the fort, asked what terms wouhl be 




Map of the Seat of War in the West and South. 

granted him if he surrendered, Grant replied : 
" No terms except an unconditional and im- 
mediate surrender can be accepted." On this 
account he is often called " Unconditional Sur- 
render Grant." 

5. The Confederates now withdrew from Ken- 
tucky and a large part of Tennessee. 

6. The battle of Pittsburg Landing.— On Sunday, 

4. Tell what you can of tlie attack on Fort Donelson. 
5. What did the Confederates do ? 



144 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Aj^ril 6tli, the opposing armies met at Sliiloli, 
or Pittsburg Lauding, Tennessee. The Union 
troops were driven back, and it seemed as if 
the Confederates must be successfuL But Gen- 
eral Albert Sidney Johnston, the Southern com- 
mander, was killed, and General Buell arrived 
with fresh troops to help Grant. The following 
day, after more brisk fighting, the Confederates 
retreated to Corinth, Mississippi. 

7. Island Number Ten surrenders. — On the same 
day Island Number Ten, a Southern stronghold 
on the Mississippi Kiver, surrendered after a 
bombardment of three weeks. Then Fort Pil- 
low was taken in June, and the city of Memphis 
was captured by the Union troops. Thus the 
Mississippi River was open to the United States- 
boats as far south as Vicksburg. 

8. Kentucky invaded. — The Confederates were 
driven from Corinth, Mississippi, in May, and 
one of their generals, Braxton Bragg, with au 
army of thirty-five thousand men, seized Chatta- 
nooga, in Tennessee. Buell was sent after him, 
and Bragg started for Louisville, Kentucky; 
but Buell learned this, and reached there first. 
Then Bragg, with General Kirby Smith and 
another Confederate army, having secured a large 
quantity of supplies, retreated to Chattanooga. 

6. What was the result of the battle at Shiloh ? 7. What 
other battles occurred ? What was the result ? 8. Tell what 
happened at Chattanooga. 



THE BATTLES OF 1863. 



145 



9. The battle of Murfreesboro. — General William 
S. Rosecrans was now given command of the 
Army of the Cumberland, in place of Buell. On 
the last day of the year Eosecrans met Bragg's 
army at Murfreesboro, Tennessee, or Stone 
River, as it is sometimes called. 

10. A desperate battle followed ; it lasted 
three days, and the loss on both sides was very 
great. But as the Union army held the field at 
the end, it had a sort of victor}^ 

11. Farragut captures New Orleans. — New Or- 
leans, the richest and 
most important city of 
the South, was very 
strongly defended. There 
were two forts below the 
city, a heavy chain was 
stretched from bank to 
bank of the Mississippi, 
and there were numerous 
iron-clad rams, fire-rafts,^ 
and gunboats, so that it 
seemed impossible for an enemy's fleet to reach 
the city. But Captain David G. Farragut, who 

9, 10. Who was given command of the Army of the Cumber- 
land ? Describe the battle at Murfreesboro. 




Admiral Farragut. 



* A fire-raft consists of a number of boards, planks, or pieces 
of timber fastened together and covered with burning material. 
It is allowed to drift down the stream so as to set fire to the 
enemy's vessels. 



146 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

afterward became Admiral, determined to cap- 
ture tlie place, and sailed with a strong fleet and 
an army commanded by General Benjamin F. 
Butler. 

12. For several days Farragut bombarded the 
forts, but finding this of no use, he boldly sailed 
past them, in spite of their heaA^' firing, cut 
through the chain, outfought the Confederate 
boats, and steamed up to the city. Then Gen- 
eral Butler took possession, and another and 
important step was made toward opening the 
Mississippi River. 

13. The Merrimac. — The Confederates at Nor- 
folk, Yirginia, had been at work on a novel and 
dangerous war-vessel. They covered a common 
steam-frigate with heavy railroad iron and fixed 
to her bow an iron extension shaped like a 
plough. 

14. On March 4th this monster, which was 
called the "Merrimac," steamed out from Nor- 
folk and attacked the United States sloop-of- 
war " Cumberland " and the frigate " Congress," 
which were lying off FortressJ^onroe. 

15. They at once opened fire, but were help- 
less to defend themselves, for their shot fell 
harmless on the iron-clad. Then with a blow 
from her iron prow the "Merrimac" sunk the 
"Cumberland" and all on board. The " Con- 

11. How was New Orleans defended ? 12. How did Parra- 
gut take it ? 13. Describe the " Merrimac." 



THE BATTLES OF 1862. 



147 



gress" was ruu ashore, but was soon forced to 
surrender. 

16. Then the " Merrimac," unharmed, sailed 
back to Norfolk. The following day was Sun- 
day, and again the "Merrimac" came out; this 
time to destroy the rest of the Union fleet. Had 




The "Monitor" and the "Merrimac." 

she been successful, she might have sailed to 
Philadelphia and New York and destroyed those 
cities. 

17. The Monitor and the Merrimac. — She was met, 
however, by a craft even stranger-looking than 
she was. This was the "Monitor," a flat iron 
vessel whose deck was almost even with the 
surface of the water, and with a revolving iron 
tower in which were two powerful cannon. 

18. She at once attacked the " Merrimac," and 

14, 15. What was done by the "Merrimac" on March 4th ? 
16. What did she intend to do the following day? 17. By 
what was she met V Describe the ' ' Monitor, " 



148 PKIMAEY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

after a fierce battle forced the Confederate boat 
to withdraw to Norfolk. The *'Merrimac" was 
never used again ; the Confederates destroyed 
her shortly after, for fear she might come into 
possession of the North. 

19. This fight excited great interest all over 
the world, and made a great change in the 
methods of naval warfare. 

20. The "Monitor" was the invention of Cap- 
tain John Ericsson, a native of Sweden. He 
was born in 1803 and came to this country in 
1839. He built some war-vessels for our gov- 
ernment, and was the inventor of a caloric, or 
hot-air, engine. 

CHAPTEE XXXII. 

THE BATTLES OF 1862, CONTINUED. — MCCLELLAN's 
CAMPAIGN. 

1. McClellan's campaign. — In March General 
McClellan, with the Army of the Potomac, 
marched toward Iiiclimond,_Jbut the Confed- 
erates opposed him at every step. A month was 
spent besieging YorFtown, and battles occurred 
at Williamsburg, and at Fair Oaks, Virginia, but 
with no decided advantage for either side. 

18. What did the "Monitor" do? 20. What do you know 
of Captain John Ericsson ? 

1. What did McClellan do in 1862 ? 



THE BATTLES OF 1862. 149 

2. The Seven Days' Battles. — After this General 
Eobert E. Lee took command of the Southern 
army in Virginia. Toward the hi,tter part of 
June Lee attacked McCleHan, and the battle of 
Gaines's Mill followed. The Union loss was 
heavy, and McClellan moved toward the James 
River. While retreating other battles occurred, 
of which the most notable was that at Malvern 
Hill. The loss on both sides was heavy in these 
fights, which are known as "The Seven Days' 
Battles." 

3. The second battle of Bull Run.— McClellan 
now withdrew to Harrison's Landing on the 
James River. From there the Northern army 
was sent back by water to Washington. 

4. Lee then determined to invade the North, 
and early in August began to move toward 
Washington. At Cedar Mountain he met and 
defeated General Pope, and later in the month 
the two armies again came together, this time at 
Manassas, near the old Bull Run battle-ground. 
Pope was badly beaten and retreated in all 
haste to Washington, while Lee pushed on into 
Maryland. 

5. Pope's army was afterward united to the 
Army of the Potomac, and the whole placed 
under McClellan's command. As soon as the 

2. Who took command of the Southern army in Virginia '? 
Describe the " Seven Days' Battles." 3. What was done with 
the Northern army V 4. Describe Lee's next move. 



150 PKIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

men could be got into proper order, McClellan 
started after Lee. A fight took place at South 
Mountain, and the Confederates were driven back. 

6. In the meantime Lee had sent General 
"Stonewall" Jackson to Harper's Ferry, where 
he made twelve thousand prisoners and captured 
a quantity of arms. 

7. The battle of Antietam. — On September 17th 
McClellan and Lee again met in battle at Antie- 
tam {an tee'tam). This proved to be a terrible 
fight. It lasted all day, and both armies lost 
heavily. The Union army held its ground, how- 
ever, and at night Lee retreated to Virginia. 

8. The battle of Fredericksburg. — McClellan was 
removed from command of the army, and Gen- 
eral Ambrose E. Buruside took his place. Burn- 
side at once set out for Richmond, hoping to 
capture that city, but was stopped at Fredericks- 
burg, Virginia, by Lee. In the battle wdiich 
followed the Union army was severely defeated. 
Burnside lost about eleven thousand men, and 
was forced to retreat toward Washington. 

9. In this fight the Irish Brigade under General 
Thomas Francis Meagher showed great bravery, 
and out of twelve hundred men only three hun- 
dred were left. 

5. What took place at South Mountain ? 6. What place did 
Stonewall Jackson capture ? 7. How did the battle of Antie- 
tam result? 8. What general took McClellan's place? Tell 
what you know about the battle of Fredericksburg. 



THE EVENTS OF 1863. 151 

CHAPTEE XXXIII. 

THE EVENTS OF 1863. 

1. The Emancipation Proclamation. — As an act of 
justice and a military necessity President Lincoln 
decided to free all the slaves in tlie South. This 
he did on January 1st by sending out what is 
known as the Emancipation Proclamation. 

2. After Burnside's defeat at Fredericksburg 
General Joseph Hooker was given command of 
the Army of the Potomac. 

3. The battle of Chancellor sville. — Hooker crossed 
the Rappahannock, intending to march to Rich- 
mond, but was met at Chancellorsville, about ten 
miles from Fredericksburg, by Lee. There a 
battle took place which lasted two days. Hook- 
er's army was about twice the size of the Con- 
federates', but he was defeated with a loss of 
about seventeen thousand men killed and 
wounded, and forced to retreat across the Rap- 
pahannock. 

4. In this battle " Stonewall " Jackson was ac- 
cidentally shot by his own men and died about a 
week after. 

5. Gettysburg. — Lee now determined to move 

1. Why and when did Lincoln decide to free the slaves? 

2. Who was given command of the Army of the Potomac? 

3. Describe the battle of Chancellorsville. 4. What Southern 
general was killed in this battle ? 



152 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

north again. He marched into Pennsylvania, in- 
tending to attack Harrisburg, the capital of that 
State. If successful, he would push on to Phila- 
delphia. 

6. But he did not get so far. General George 
C. Meade, who had succeeded Hooker, hurried 
forward, and came up with Lee at Gettysburg, 
Pennsylvania. This was on July 1st, and then 
began a battle which lasted three days. It was 
the greatest of the war and one of the most ter- 
rific of modern times. 

7. The first two days the struggle was fierce on 
both sides. On the third day there were nine 
hours of savage fighting ; in the afternoon about 
fifteen thousand Confederates, the pick of the 
Southern army, made a desperate charge on the 
Union line. But it was like a charge against a 
rock : Meade did not give way, the Southern 
army was driven from the field, and night found 
the Union troops victorious. 

8. Lee retreated into Virginia, and the North 
had no further fear of invasion. The Confederate 
loss in killed, wounded, and -missing was about 
twenty-five thousand, and the Union loss about 
two thousand less. The field of Gettysburg was 
afterward consecrated as a national cemetery. 

5. Wliat did Lee determine to do ? 6. Who had succeeded 
Hooker ? 7. Describe the battle of Gettysburg. 8. Where did 
Lee retreat? What was the loss on both sides? What was 
afterward done at Gettysburg? 



THE EVENTS OF 1863. 153 

9. Vicksburg. — Tlie Confederates still held 
Vicksburg and Port Hudson on the Mississippi 
River. Grant, however, succeeded in crossing 
the river by means of gunboats, and got his army 
in the rear of Vicksburg. 

10. Then began a siege which lasted seven 
weeks. The shelling of the city was kept up 
without interruption. At last when the food was 
so far gone that there was only one cracker and 
a small piece of pork a day for each man in his 
army, General Pemberton, the Confederate com- 
mander, surrendered with thirty-two thousand 
men on July 4th, the day after the battle of Get- 
tysburg. 

11. Five days later Port Hudson also surren- 
dered, and the whole length of the Mississippi 
River was open to Union gunboats. 

12. The battle of Chickamauga. — Rosecrans had 
succeeded in driving Bragg out of Chattanooga, 
but with the help of fresh troops Bragg attacked 
the Union army at Chickamauga, in Georgia, and 
drove it back with heavy loss to Chattanooga. 
But General George H. Thomas, who com- 
manded the left wing, bravely held his ground 
and saved the army from complete defeat. 

13. For two months Bragg kept Rosecrans shut 

9. What places on tlie Mississippi did the Confederates still 
hold? 10. How did Grant capture Vicksburg? 11. When did 
Port Hudson surrender? What was the result? 12. What 
happened at Chattanooga and at Chickamauga ? 



154 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

up in Cliattanooga. Then Grant, who was given 
command of all the armies in the West, went to 
Chattanooga with Thomas, who had been ap- 
pointed in Rosecrans' place. Sherman also 
reached there with some troops from Vicksburg, 
and Hooker brought twenty-three thousand men 
from Virginia. 

14. Lookout Mountain. — In a battle which lasted 
three days Lookout Mountain and Missionary 
Ridge, which overlooked Chattanooga, were at- 
tacked and taken, and Bragg was forced to retreat 
to Georgia. 

15. During the fight at Lookout Mountain the 
armies were sometimes hidden by the mist, and 
from this fact it is often spoken of as " the battle 
above the clouds." 



CHAPTER XXXIY. 

THE BATTLES OF 1864. 

1. Grant, commander-in-chief. — Up to this time 
each army was independent, but in March, 1864, 
Grant was made Lieutenant-General and com- 
mander-in-chief of all the armies. He at once 
went to Virginia to take charge in person of the 

13, 14. Who was given command of all tlie armies of the 
West? Describe the battles of Lookout Mountain and Mission- 
ary Ridge. 15. Why is the former sometimes called "the 
battle above the clouds "? 



THE BATTLES OF 1864. 



155 



Army of the Potomac and to meet Lee. General 
Sherman was left in command in the Southwest. 

2. Grant's cam- 
paign. — On May 
4tli Grant crossed 
the Rapidan River 
in Virginia, and 
began to march 
on Richmond. 
He had to fight 
his way step by 
step. On May 
5th he was sud- 
denly attacked by 
the Confederates, 
and the battle of 
the Wilderness took place. It lasted three days. 
Then followed a ten days' battle at Spottsylvania 
Court-House, and another at Cold Harbor. Lee 
was finally driven back to within a few miles of 
Richmond. 

3. In these battles there was terrible slaughter 
on both sides. The Union loss in killed and 
wounded was over sixty thousand men, and the 
Confederates probably lost about half that 
number. 




General W. T. Sherman. 



1. What was Grant made in March, 1864? Of what army- 
did he take charge ? Of what army was Sherman left in com- 
mand? 2. What battles took place early in May? 3. What 
was the loss ? 



156 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

4. Grant, however, would not turn back; lie 
felt sure of success, and declared lie would " fight 
it out on that line if it took all summer." 

5. He next moved across the James Eiver, and 



Chamber sUurg 1 ,„GettvsburEr 

P__ E__N_^N___S Y_ l( V) a N 

I ^^6^1 /v \|[ < SofithMt. f 



.o 




Map of the War in Virginia. 

began a siege of Petersburg and Eichmond. This 
lasted until the spring of 1865. 

6. In July, 1864, General Jubal A. Early, a 
Confederate officer of great experience and 
daring, advanced to attack Washington, but was 

4. What did Grant declare ? 5. What was his next move ? 



THE BATTLES OF 1864. 



157 



driven back. Then General Philip H. Sheridan 
was sent after him. 

7. Sheridan's ride. — The two armies met in 
September a t 
Winchester, Vir- 
ginia, and the 
Confederates 
were defeated. 




A month later they again 
met at Cedar Creek. 
Sheridan was twelve miles 
away at the time ; his army was taken by sur- 
prise and forced back in confusion. When 
Sheridan heard the booming of the cannon he 

6. What did Early do? Who was sent after him? 7. De- 
scribe the battles at Winchester. At Cedar Creek. 



158 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

knew that a battle was going on. He sprung 
into his saddle and, spurring on his horse, reached 
the scene of the fight just in time. His men were 
fleeing. " Turn, boys, turn ! " he cried, " we're 
going back ! " and back they went. Encouraged 
by his Avords and presence, the Union men drove 
the Confederates from the field, captured a num- 
ber of guns, and took many prisoners. 

8. Sherman captures Atlanta. — To carry out the 
plan agreed on with Grant, Sherman began to 
march against Atlanta, Georgia. Hood, who was 
in command of the city, tried to stop the Union 
army, but after a number of battles he was forced 
to give up Atlanta, and Sherman took possession 
of it. 

9. Hood moved into Tennessee, intending to 
lay siege to Nashville. But he was attacked by 
General Thomas, who commanded there, and 
after a two days' battle was so badly beaten that 
his army was completely broken up, and this 
ended the fighting in Tennessee. 

10. The blockade of the Southern ports pre- 
vented the Confederates froux getting iron and 
other materials with which to build war- vessels. 
But England fitted out for them many privateers, 
and much damage was done to United States 
vessels. 

8. What did Sherman do ? 9. How was the fighting ended 
in Tennessee? 10. What did the blockade prevent? What 
did England do? 



THE BATTLES OF 1864. 159 

11. The Alabama and the Kearsarge. — The " Ala- 
bama," a Confederate war-ship built and fitted 
out in England, captured and burned a number 
of United States ships. She was attacked and 
sunk, however, off the coast of France, in Jane, 
by the United States man-of-war "Kearsarge" 
{heei'' salirj). 

12. Seven years after the war, the English 
government paid the United States fifteen and a 
half million dollars for damage done to her ships 
and business by the "Alabama " and other priva- 
teers fitted out in England. 

13. Farragut enters Mobile Bay. — In August, 
Farragut, who was now an admiral, the highest 
rank in the United States navy, attacked Mobile. 
He forced his way past the forts which defended 
the city, outfought and destroyed the Confederate 
fleet, including the ram *' Tennessee," and closed 
the port. The city did not surrender until the 
spring of 1865. 

14. During the hottest of the fight, the brave 
admiral stood in the rigging of his ship, so that 
he could watch the battle. 

15. In the fall of 1864 President Lincoln was 
re-elected, and Nevada came into the Union. 

11. What damage did the "Alabama" do? What was her 
fate? 12. What sum was paid the United States for damage 
done by the "Alabama" and other privateers? 13. How did 
Farragut succeed at Mobile? 14. Where did he stand during 
the fight? 15. Who was re-elected President in the fall of 1864 ? 



160 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

16. Sherman^s march to the sea. — When Sliermau 
took possession of Atlanta, he burned the ma- 
chine-shops, foundries, factories, and mills of the 
city. As the South procured most of her war 




Sherman's March to the Sea. 

supplies there, she was now completely shut off. 
Sherman then destroyed telegraph and railroad 
communication with the North, and began his 
"march to the sea." 

17. With his army of sixty thousand trained 

16. What did Sherman do when he took possession of At- 
lanta? 



THE EVENTS OF 1865.— PEACE. 161 

and experienced men, he moved steadily on, 
burning and destroying everything, seizing the 
cotton, tearing up the railroads, and devouring 
every kind of food on his way. Thousands of 
fugitive slaves followed him. 

18. Sherman captures Savannah. — There was no 
army to oppose him, and in less than a month 
Sherman reached Fort McAllister, near Savan- 
nah, and on December 13th captured that city. 

19. His plans were kept so quiet that no one 
knew what had become of him, and the people 
of the North began to fear that he and his army 
had been taken prisoners or destroyed. But on 
December 22d he sent a message to President 
Lincoln, offering him as a Christmas gift the city 
of Savannah, with one hundred and fifty heavy 
guns, plenty of ammunition, and about twenty- 
five hundred bales of cotton. 



CHAPTER XXXV. 

THE EVENTS OF 1865. — PEACE. 

1. Sherman enters Charleston. — From Savannah 
Sherman began to move northward. Columbia, 
South Carolina, was taken and burned, and in 
February the Union army entered Charleston 

17, 18. Describe Sherman's march to the sea. 19. What did 
the people at the North begin to fear? What message did 
Sherman send President Lincoln on December 33d, 1864? 



162 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

and hoisted the old flag once more over Fort 
Sumter. 

2. General Joseph E. Johnston with a Con- 
federate force tried to check Sherman's march. 
Two battles were fought, in both of which the 
Confederates were defeated. Johnston then re- 
treated to Raleigh, while Sherman kept on, and 
entered Goldsboro, North Carolina. 

3. Lee now began to look about for some way 
to retreat. He could get neither arms nor food, 
and his men were half-starved. But there was 
no means of escape, for the railroads on which 
he depended had been destroyed. 

4. The Union army enters Richmond. — On April 
2d Sheridan and Warren defeated Lee at Five 
Forks, Yirginia, and the next day the Confederate 
works in front of Petersburg were attacked. Lee 
could not resist ; he abandoned Petersburg and 
Richmond, and began to retreat westward. On 
April 3d, 1865, the Union army entered Richmond. 

5. The surrender of Lee. — Lee tried to reach 
Lynchburg, but his w^orn-out men came face to 
face with a United States force^ under Sheridan, 
and resistance was of no use. Seeing this, Lee 
with his whole army surrendered to Grant on 

1. What places in South Carolina did Sherman capture? 
3. Who tried to stop him? With what result? 3. What did 
Lee now do? 4. What was the result of the attack on the 
Confederate works at Petersburg? When did the Union army 
enter Richmond? 



THE EVENTS OF 186.J. — PEACE. 



1G3 



April 9, 1865, at Appomatox {dp'pO-mat'toks) 
Court-House, Virginia. 

6. Grant treated the Confederates in the most 
generous manner, asking only that they should lay 
down their arms and return to their homes. As 




Grant and Lee Signing the Conditions of Surrender. 

they were nearly starved, he ordered twenty-five 
thousand rations of food to be given to them, 
which showed him to be a humane man as well 
as a great general. 

7. Johnston surrenders. — The only Confederate 

5. When did Lee surrender? 6. How did Grant treat the 
Confederates? What did he order to be given to them ? 



164 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

army of any size that now remained was John- 
ston's, at Kaleigh. But as he couki do nothing 
alone, and as there was no one to help him, he, 
too, surrendered, and his men laid down their 
arms. 

8. In a short time all the smaller bodies of 
Confederates surrendered, and the great Civil 
War, which had lasted four years, Avas ended. 

9. The assassination of Lincoln. — While the 
country was rejoicing that the war was over, its 
joy was suddenly changed to sorrow. Presi- 
dent Lincoln was shot on the night of April 14th, 
1865, by John Wilkes Booth, who was probably 
half-crazy and imagined he was doing the South a 
service. The President died the following morn- 
ing. Booth fled, but was folloAved and killed. 

10. When Abraham Lincoln was first elected, 
there was much opposition to him even in the 
North. But he showed himself so just and 
honest that this feeling died out. When the war 
was over he acted most generously toward the 
South, and tried to prove himself her friend. 
Indeed, in his own words, his heart was filled 
"with charity for all, with malice towards none." 
His memory is now respected not only by his 
countrymen, but by the whole world, who re- 
gard him as a pure-minded patriot. 

7. What did Jolinston do? 8. What did the smaller bodies 
of the Confederates do? 9. What sad event happened April 
14th, 1865? 10. What can von say of Abraham Lincoln ? 



REVIEW V. 165 

11. Many people imagiued that the close of 
the war would be followed by trouble. It Avas 
thought that the men who had been so long en- 
gaged fighting could not lay down their arms, and 
return peaceably to their homes. But this was 
a mistake. The soldiers went to their work, as 
before the war, and peace settled on the country. 



Review V.— The Civil War. 

What followed the election of Lincoln ? 

When it was known that Lincoln was elected, the South- 
ern States decided to secede. South Carolina was the first 
to declare itself out of the Union, Then, on April 12th, 
1861, Fort Sumter, in Charleston harbor, was fired on and 
war was begun. 

What was the first great battle of the war? 

The first great battle of the war was at Bull Run and 
resulted in the defeat of the Union army. 

How did the Union army succeed in the West during 
1862? 

During 1862 the Union army in the West had great 
success, capturing Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, Shiloh, and 
Island Number Ten. 

What were the greatest naval successes of 1862? 

The greatest naval successes of 1862 were (1) the bom- 
bardment and capture of New Orleans by Farragut ; (2) 

11. What did some people think would follow the close of 
the war? What did the soldiers do? 



166 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UI^ITED STATES. 

the defeat of the Confederate iron ram " Merrimac " by 
the Union "Monitor." 

What was the result of the war in the East in 1862 ? 

The armies in the East under McClellan and his successors 
made several attempts to march to Richmond, but did not 
reach there. Many battles were fought, first one side, then 
the other, being victorious. At one time Lee tried to 
invade the North, but he was checked in the battle of An- 
tietam, and forced to retreat to Virginia. The last battle 
of the year was at Fredericksburg, and the Union army, 
under General Burnside, was severely defeated. 

What important event happened at the beginning of 
1863? 

At the beginning of 1863 President Lincoln sent out his 
Emancipation Proclamation, by which all the slaves in the 
South were declared free. 

What great battles took place in the East in 1863 ? 

The great battles in the East in 1863 were (1) at Chan- 
cellorsville, in which the Union forces commanded by 
General Hooker met with a terrible defeat and great loss 
of life ; (2) at Gettysburg, the greatest battle of the war, 
in wiiich the Union troops, under General Meade, were 
victorious. 

What effect did the battle of Gettysburg have ? 

The battle of Gettysburg did away with all danger of 
invasion of the North by the Southern army. Lee had 
entered Pennsylvania, and, no doubt, wanted to reach 
Philadelphia and Washington, and, perhaps, push on to 
New York. His defeat at Gettysburg weakened him, how- 
ever, and he again retreated into Virginia. 



REVIEW V. 167 

What great Union triumph happened in the West 
in 1863 ? 

The great Union triumph in the West during 1863 was 
the capture of Vicksburg by General Grant and the sur- 
render, a few days later, of Port Hudson. These victories 
opened the entire length of the Mississippi River to the 
Union boats. 

What other battles did the Union troops gain ? 

The Union troops also gained the battles of Lookout 
Mountain and Missionary Ridge. 

How did the Union army succeed in Virginia in 1864 ? 

In May, 1864, Grant, who had been made commander- 
in-chief of all the armies, crossed the Rapidan River, and 
began his march to Richmond. The battle of the Wilder- 
ness, wiiich lasted three days, was fought, but neither side 
w^as successful. Then followed a ten days' battle at Spott- 
sylvania Court-House and at Cold Harbor, and Lee was 
driven back near to Richmond. After this Grant crossed 
the James River, and began the siege of Richmond. 

How did Sheridan succeed in his battles with General 
Early ? 

Early attempted an attack on Washington, but Sheridan 
was sent to stop him. The armies met at Winchester and 
the Confederates were defeated. A month later they met 
again ; this time the Confederates were driven from the 
field, many of their cannon were captured, and a number 
of prisoners was taken. 

What can you say of Sherman's movements ? 

Following out a plan agreed on with Grant, Sherman 
marched on Atlanta, and, finally, took it. Then Thomas 



168 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE Ui^ITED STATES. 

attacked Hood's Confederate army at Nashville, and com- 
pletely broke it up. In the meantime Sherman pushed on 
to Savannah, 

What were the concluding battles of the war ? 

Sherman moved from Savannah, captured Charleston, 
advanced through South Carolina and North Carolina, and 
reached Kaleigh. 

How did Grant succeed in his siege of Richmond ? 

Grant closed in around Kichmond and shut off every 
means of escape, until, at last, Lee's army was almost 
starved. Then Lee surrendered. When the only other 
Confederate army of any size, that of Johnston's, at 
Ealeigh, heard of Lee's surrender, it, too, laid down its 
arms, and the war was ended. 



CHAPTER XXXYI. 

EVENTS SINCE THE CIVIL WAR. 

1. Andrew Johnson, seventeenth President. — On 
April 15th, 1865, a few hours after the death of 
President Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, of Tennes- 
see, the Yice-President, took 41ie oath of office 
as President. 

2. The first act of the new President was to 
pardon most of the Confederates on condition 
that they would (1) sw^ear to obey the Constitu- 
tion and be true to the Union ; (2) agree not to 

1. Who became President on the death of Lincoln ? 



EVENTS SINCE THE CIVIL WAR. 169 

pay the Confederate debt ; and (3) do away for- 
ever with slavery. 

3. A disagreement arose between the President 
and Congress about these terms ; the President 
was voted down, and military governors were ap- 
pointed in the South. Negroes were allowed to 
vote, but not those white men who had taken a 
leading part in the war. 

4. The President is impeached. — The bad feel- 
ing between the President and Congress con- 
tinued. A law was passed by which no civil 
officer could be removed without the consent of 
the Senate. Johnson disregarded this and dis- 
missed the Secretary of War. Then Congress 
impeached the President, that is, brought him 
to trial for breaking the law. He was acquitted, 
but came within one vote of being found guilty. 

5. In the year 1866 the Atlantic cable was suc- 
cessfully laid between Heart's Content, in New- 
foundland, and Valencia Bay, in Ireland. This 
enables the Old and the New World to communi- 
cate with each other almost instantly. 

6. The purchase of Alaska. — During the year 
1867 Nebraska became a State. In the same 
year the United States bought from Russia a 

2. Wliat was the first act of Johnson? 3. What arose 
between Johnson and Congress ? What did Congress do ? 
4. What law was passed ? What did Johnson do ? What 
Congress? 5. When and between what places was the Atlantic 
cable laid ? 



170 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

large tract of land in the northwestern part of 
America, called Alaska. For this over seven 
million dollars were paid. 

7. Grant, eighteenth President. — In the fall of 
1868 General Grant was elected President, and 
served two terms. An important event of his 
first term was the opening of the Pacific Rail- 
road. Bj this road San Francisco was bronght 
within a Aveek's ride of New York, a journey that 
formerly took months. 

8. Another important event of Grant's term 
was the adoption, March 30th, 1870, of the Fif- 
teenth Amendment to the Constitution of the 
United States. By this amendment the negroes 
of the country became citizens and voters. 

9. The first American Cardinal, — On March 15th, 
1875, Archbishop McCloskey, of New York, was 
made first American Cardinal, an occurrence 
that brought joy to every American Catholic 
heart. The Cardinal was born in Brooklyn, New 
York, March 10th, 1810. 

10. The year 1876, being the hundredth anni- 
versary of our country's independence, Avas cele- 
brated by a "World's Fair," or great exhibition, 
held in Philadelphia. Nearly all the countries 
of the world sent specimens of their manufac- 

6. What large tract of land did the United States buy ? 7. Who 
was the eighteenth President? What important event hap- 
pened under Grant? 8. What other? What was the result of the 
Fifteenth Amendment? 9. What occurred March 15th, 1875? 



EVENTS Sils'CE THE CIVIL WAR. 171 

tures and works of art, and thousands of people 
visited the Fair. In this same year Colorado 
was admitted as a State. 

11. Hayes, nineteenth President. — Rutherford 
B. Hayes, of Ohio, succeeded Grant as Pres- 
ident. The vote for the candidates was very 
close, but Hayes was declared elected by a com- 
mittee, or number of persons, appointed by Con- 
gress to decide the election. 

12. President Hayes acted in a friendly way tow- 
ard the South, and did much to restore good feel- 
ing between that part of the country and the North. 

13. Specie payment resumed. — The paper money 
of the United States at one time was not 
worth anything like its face value, but during 
Hayes's term the government passed a law, and 
made it equal, dollar for dollar, to gold. This 
act is known as " resuming specie payment." 

14. Garfield, twentieth President. — His assassina- 
tion. — The twentieth President of the United 
States was James A. Garfield, of Ohio. Four 
months after coming into office he was shot by a 
bad man, and, after more than two months of 
suffering, died September 19th, 1881. 

15. Arthur, twenty-first President. — Yice-Presi- 

10. How was the anniversary of our country's independence 
celebrated? 11. In what way was the choice for the nineteenth 
President made ? 12. How did Hayes act toward the South ? 
13. What is meant by "resuming specie payment"? 14. What 
happened four months after Garfield became President ? 



172 PRIMARY HISTOPtY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

dent Arthur now became President. The most 
important occurrence during his term was the 
lowering of the postage on letters from three 
cents to two cents. Another event worth mention- 
ing was the opening of the great bridge which 
joins Brooklyn to New York. 

16. Cleveland, twenty-second President. — By the 
election of 1884 Grover 
Cleveland, of New York, 
was made President. 
While he held the office, 
the Vice-President, 
Thomas A. Hendricks, 
died. Then a change 
was made in the laws, so 
that, in case of the death 

Grover Cleveland. of both President aud 

Yice-President, the office of President passes in 
succession to the Secretary of State, the Secretary 
of War, the Attorney-General, and so on to the 
other members of the Cabinet. 

17. Besides Yice-President Hendricks, the 
country lost other distinguished men by death 
during the years 1885 to 1888, namely. General 
Grant, Cardinal McCloskey, and Generals McClel- 
lan, Hancock, and Sheridan. 

15. Name the principal events of Arthur's term, 16. Who 
became President in 1884? What change was made in the 
laws while Cleveland was President ? 17. Name some distin- 
guished men who died during Cleveland's term. 




EVENTS SINCE THE CIVIL WAR. 



173 



18. After the death of Cardinal McCloskey, 
Archbishop Gibbous, of Baltimore, was raised 
to the dignity of Cardinal, in the spring of 1886. 

19. Benjamin Harrison, twenty-third President. — 
Benjamin Harrison, of 
Indiana, was elected the 
twenty-third President 
of the United States, and 
took his office in 1889. 
In the early part of his i 
term our government 
bought from the Indians 
that part of the Indian 
Territory known as Okla- 
homa {o-klah-ho'mah), and opened it to settlers. 
In the same year North Dakota, South Dakota, 
Montana, and Washington were admitted as new 
States, and in 1890 Idaho and Wyoming also 
came into the Union. 

20. In the year 1889 New York City celebrated 
the hundredth anniversary of the taking of the 
oath of office as first President by Washington. 
Archbishop Corrigan, of New York, took a prom- 
inent part in the celebration exercises, which 
lasted three days. 

21. At the beginning of the year 1891 the 




Benjamin Harrison. 



18. Who is the second American Cardinal? 19. What new 
territory did our government buy in the early part of Harri- 
son's term ? What new States came into the Union ? 20. What 
i'liniversary did New York celebrate in 1889? 



174 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

country was called to lament the death of Gen- 
eral Sherman. 

22. The Columbian celebration. — In October, 
1892, the people of the United States joined in a 
grand Columbian celebration. In this we Catho- 
lics took a prominent part, as was proper, since 
it was men of our faith who first settled this 
country. One part of the celebration which 
called forth great praise was the parade of the 
children of our parochial schools, who made an 
excellent impression by their appearance and 
their numbers. 

23. Other processions took place, meetings 
were held, addresses were made, and the whole 
country united in honoring the memory of the 
great discoverer who four hundred years before 
first set foot on our shores. 

24. To still further celebrate this event our 
government issued a souvenir coin and a set of 
Columbian postage stamps, and it was deter- 
mined to hold a great fair in Chicago, beginning 
in May, 1893, to which the whole world was to 
contribute. 

25. Cleveland, twenty-fourth President. — When 
the time came around for the election of 1892, 
Grover Cleveland, the Democratic candidate, 

21. What great general died at the beginning of 1891 ? 
22. What took place in October, 1892 ? What part of the cele- 
bration called forth great praise? 24. In what other way was 
it determined to celebrate the discovery of this country ? 



THE PROSPERITY OF OUR COUNTRY. 175 

was again chosen President. His election was 
looked upon as an approval by the people of his 
opposition to the existing high tariff. 

26. The growth of our country may be seen 
by the fact that our population, which in 1790 
was less than four millions, was shown by the 
census of 1890 to be now nearly sixty-three 
millions, while the original thirteen States have 
increased to forty-four. 

27. How the Church has grown can be best 
shown by considering the difference between the 
attendance at the First Plenary Council in 1829, 
mentioned on page 119, and that at the Third 
Plenary Council held in Baltimore, November 
9th, 1884. At the one, as we have learned, there 
were present one archbishop and half a dozen 
bishops ; at the other there attended fourteen 
archbishops, sixty bishops, and numerous abbots, 
superiors of religious Orders, and others of rank 
in the Church. Our Catholic population is esti- 
mated to have reached over ten millions. 



CHAPTER XXXVII. 

THE PROSPERITY OF OUR COUNTRY. 

1. There is no secret connected with the growth 
and success of our country. When a number of 

25, Wlio was chosen President in 1892 ? How was his elec- 
tion looked upon ? 26. How may the growth of the country- 
be seen ? 27. How has the Church grown ? 



176 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

brothers and sisters unite in work, the wealth of 
the family is sure to increase. So it is with our 
country. Our States form one great family, and 
it is their united work that has made us rich and 
prosperous. 

2. The New England States, which embrace 
Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, 
"Vermont, Maine, and Khode Island, help largely 
by their manufactures. Massachusetts alone 
employs thousands of people in weaving cotton 
into calicoes, sheeting, shirting, and other muslin, 
and other thousands in making boots and shoes. 
Her fisheries, too, bring millions of dollars to the 
general treasury. The pine and hemlock forests 
of Maine make it one of the greatest lumber 
markets in the world ; while Connecticut turns 
out all sorts of "Yankee notions," and ma- 
chinery in endless variety. 

3. The Middle States, which are New York, New 
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland, 
swell our wealth by their manufacture and com- 
merce, and also by their agriculture, grazing, and 
mining. New York is foreniost in commerce, 
wealth, and population, it being estimated that it 
has one seventh of the wealth of the entire 
country. Pemisylvania is the greatest mining 
State in the Union, the yearly value of its coal and 

1. What has made our country rich ? 2. How do the New 
England States help us ? What makes Maine a great lumber 
market ? What does Connecticut turn out V 



THE PROSPERITY OF OUR COUNTRY. 177 

iron being about one half the value of all our 
mining products, including gold and silver. 

4. In the Southern States the principal jDrod- 
ncts are cotton, tobacco, sugar, corn, rice, and 
sweet potatoes. The pine forests of North Caro- 
lina yield pitch, tar, and turpentine ; Louisiana 
gives nine tenths of the sugar we produce, as well 
as large crops of cotton and rice ; and Texas raises 
more beef- cattle than any other State, its prairies 
furnishing pasture for millions of cattle. 

5. Of the Western States Ohio, Indiana, Illi- 
nois, Wisconsin, and Michigan produce more 
wheat, corn, wool, and live-stock than any other 
part of the country of the same size. They are 
also largely engaged in manufactures. Chicago, 
the largest city of the West, is next in commer- 
cial importance to New York, and is the greatest 
grain market in the world. 

6. Other Western States, namely, Minnesota, 
Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, 
and North Dakota, are exceedingly productive. 
Large crops of corn, wheat, hay, oats, hemp, and 
potatoes are grown there, and much attention is 
given to raising domestic animals. Missouri is 
rich in mines of iron, lead, and coal. Iowa, too, 

3. Which are the Middle States ? How do they add to our 
wealth? Which State is the foremost in commerce? What 
is the yearly value of the coal and iron of Pennsylvania? 

4. What are the principal products of the Southern States? 

5. What do the Western States produce ? Which is the largest 
city of the West ? For what is it noted ? 



178 PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

has large fields of coal and lead, and Kansas, also, 
lias coal, iron, and salt in abundance. Minnesota 
is noted for the fine flour it makes, and for its 
lumber. 

7. The wealth of the Pacific States, namely, 
Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, 
California, Oregon, and Washington, lies in their 
mines of gold, silver, copper, lead, and coal, and 
in their grass-covered mountains and plains. 
The principal business there is mining, grazing, 
and agriculture. California is highly blessed by 
nature not only in the precious metals buried in 
her soil, but in her climate as well. Delicious 
fruits, as the orange, grape, lemon, fig, and olive, 
flourish there, and add to her wealth. 

8. What wonder, then, that we are rich with 
so many working for us ; with our railroads, 
steamships, canals, and other quick means of 
moving goods ; with the cotton-gin, the sewing- 
machine, the reaper, and other wonderful labor- 
saving machines ! And being so blessed, people 
from the Old World hurry here to share our 
prosperity, and thus our population is increased. 

6. What "other Western States canyon name that are ex- 
ceedingly productive ? In what is Missouri rich ? For what 
is Minnesota noted? 7. In what lies the wealth of the Pacific 
States? How is California blessed? What fruits flourish 
there ? 8. What different means help to make us rich ? Why 
do people hurry here from the Old World ? 



TABLE OF STATES. 



179 









SETTLED. 




J, 


No. 


States. 








%'i 








-§s 






When. 


Where. 


By whom. 


< 


I ' Virginia 


1607 


Jamestown 


English 


1776 


2 New York 


1623 


New York 


Dutch 




3 


Massachusetts 


1620 


Plymouth 


English 


" ■ 


4 


New Hampshire 


1623 


Little Harbor 


" 


" 


5 


Connecticut 


1633 


Windsor 


" 


X 


6 


Maryland 


1634 


St. Mary's 


'♦ 


" 


7 


Rhode Island 


1636 


Providence 




" 


8 


Delaware 


1638 


Christiana, near 
Wilmington 


Swedes 




9 


North Carolina 


1653 


Albemarle 


English 


" 


lO 


New Jersey- 


1617 


Bergen 


Dutch 


" 


II 


South Carolina 


1670 


Ashley River 


English 


" 


12 


Pennsylvania 


1682 


Philadelphia 


" 


" 


13 


Georgia 


1733 


Savannah 


" 


" 


14 


Vermont 


1724 


Fort Dummer 


" 


1 791 


15 


Kentucky 


1769 


Booneville 


" 


1792 


16 


Tennessee 


1757 


Fort Loudoun 


" 


1796 


17 


Ohio 


1788 


Marietta 


" 


1802 


18 


Louisiana 


1699 


Iberville 


French 


I8I2 


19 


Indiana 


1702 


Vincennes 


" 


I8I6 


20 


Mississippi 


1716 


Natchez 


" 


I8I7 


21 


Illinois 


1682 


Cahokia 


" 


ISI8 


22 


Alabama 


1702 


Mobile 


" 


I8I9 


23 


Maine 


1625 


Bristol 


" 


1820 


24 


Missouri 


17I9 


Fort Orleans 


" 


1821 


25 


Arkansas 


1690 


Little Rock 


" 


1836 


26 


Michigan 


1685 


Detroit 


" 


1837 


27 


Florida 


1565 


St. Augustine 


Spaniards 


1845 


28 


Texas 


1692 


San Antonio 


" 


1845 


29 


Iowa 


1833 


Dubuque 


Americans 


1846 


30 


Wisconsin 


1669 


Green Bay 


French 


1848 


31 


California 


1769 


San Diego 


Spaniards 


1850 


32 


Minnesota 


18I9 


Fort Snelling 


Americans 


1858 


33 


Oregon 


181I 


Astoria 


" 


1859 


34 


Kansas 






" 


I86I 


35 


West Virginia 






English 


1863 


36 
37 

38 


Nevada 

Nebraska 

Colorado 






Americans 


1864 
1867 
1876 


39 


North Dakota 






English 


1889 



180 



TABLE OF ST AT'ES— Continued. 



No. 


States. 




SETTLED. 




S-c 


When. 


Where. 


By whom. 


< 


40 

41 
42 

43 
44 


South Dakota 

Montana 

Washington 

Idaho 

Wyoming 






Americans 


1889 
1889 
1889 
1890 
1890 



TERRITORIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



No. 


Territories. 


Whence taken. 


I 
2 

3 
4 
5 
6 


New Mexico 

Utah 

Arizona 

Alaska 

Indian Territory 

Oklahoma 


Mexico 

Russian America 
Louisiana Territory 
Indian Territory 




District of Columbia 


Maryland and Virginia 



PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



No. 


Name. 


State. 


In Office. 


1 


5 


I 


George Washington 


Virginia 


Two terms, 1789-1797 


1732 


1700 


2 


John Adams 


Massachusetts 


One term, 1797-1801 


1735 


1826 


-^ 


Thomas Jefferson 


Virginia 


Two terms, 1801-1809 


174^ 


1826 


4 


James Madison 


Virginia 


Two terms, 1 809-1817 


1751 


1836 


5 


James Monroe 
John Quincy Adams 


Virginia 


Two terms, 1817-1825 


i7S8 


1831 


6 


Massachusetts 


One term, 1825-1829 


1767 


1848 


7 


Andrew Jackson 


Tennessee 


Two terms, 1829-1837 


1767 


184^ 


8 


Martin Van Buren 


New York 


One term, 1837.-1841 


1782 


1862 


Q 


Wm. Henry Harrison 


Ohio 


One month, 1841 


1773 


1841 


10 


John Tyler 


Virginia 


3 years 11 mos., 1841-45 


1790 


1862 


II 


James Knox Polk 


Tennessee 


OneTerm, 1845-1849 

I yr. 4 mo., 1849 ^"d 1850 


170=; 


1840 


12 


Zachary Taylor 


Louisiana 


1784 


i8so 


13 


Millard Fillmore 


New York 


2 yrs. 8 mo., 1850-1853 


1800 


1874 


14 


Franklin Pierce 


New Hampshire 


One term, 1853-1857 


1804 


1869 


15 


James Buchanan 


Pennsylvania 


One term, 1857-1S61 




1868 


16 


Abraham I>incoln 


Illinois 


Oneterm & i mo. ,1861-65 


1809 


i86s 


17 


Andrew Johnson 
Ulysses S. Grant 


Tennessee 


3 yrs. II mos., 1865-1869 
Two terms, 1869-1877 


1808 


187s 


18 


Illinois 


1822 


i88s 


iq 


Rutherford B. Hayes 


Ohio 


One term, 1S77-1881 


1822 


i8q3 


20 


James A. Garfield 


Ohio 


6 mos. 15 days, 1881 


1831 


1881 


21 


Chester A. Arthur 


New York 


3 yrs. 5 mo. 15 d., 1881-85 


1830 


i886 


22 


Grover Cleveland 


New York 


One term, i'-85-i889 


1837 




23 


Benjamin Harrison 


Indiana 


One term, 1889-1893 


1833 




24 


Grover Cleveland 


New York 


1893— 








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